Peter Hugh Middleton

• Ferriday, Thomas Benjamin; Sampathkumar, Suhas Nuggehalli; Mensi, Mounir Driss; Middleton, Peter Hugh; Van Herle, Jan & Kolhe, Mohan Lal (2024). Tuning Stainless Steel Oxide Layers through Potential Cycling─AEM Water Electrolysis Free of Critical Raw Materials. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. ISSN 1944-8244. 16(23), p. 29963–29978. doi: 10.1021/acsami.4c01107.
• Ferriday, Thomas Benjamin; Sampathkumar, Suhas Nuggehalli; Middleton, Peter Hugh; Kolhe, Mohan Lal & Van Herle, Jan (2024). A Review of Membrane Electrode Assemblies for the Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyser: Perspective on Activity and Stability. International Journal of Energy Research. ISSN 0363-907X. 2024(1). doi: 10.1155/2024/7856850.
• Ferriday, Thomas Benjamin; Middleton, Peter Hugh; Kolhe, Mohan Lal & Van Herle, Jan (2023). Raising the temperature on electrodes for anion exchange membrane electrolysis - activity and stability aspects. Chemical Engineering Journal Advances. ISSN 2666-8211. 16. doi: 10.1016/j.ceja.2023.100525. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The membrane electrode assembly is the powerhouse of the anion exchange membrane water electrolyser (AEMWE), thereby placing a great importance on the associated preparation conditions. This paper investigated how annealing temperature and time impacted activity and stability for both anode and cathode electrodes with catalyst-PTFE thin-films. The effect of annealing was thoroughly characterised through SEM/EDS, TEM, XRD, Raman spectroscopy and XPS. Moderate heat-treatment (T≤500°C) had a positive effect by improving morphology and enhancing reaction kinetics as seen through three-electrode measurements. Annealing temperature affected hydrogen adsorption, resulting in a change in the hydrogen evolution pathway as shown by hydrogen adsorption peaks and Tafel curves. These beneficial effects were further augmented by an enlarged surface area as shown in both three- and two-electrode measurements. Two electrode measurements revealed a staircase activity-trend, where the annealing temperature yielding the greatest activity declined with increasing annealing time. This resulted in efficient cathodes annealed at 2h-500°C, 3h-400°C and 4h-300°C. The aforementioned cell configurations reached approximately 500 mA cm at 1.73 V, 1.82 V and 2.04 V respectively. Stable electrodes were produced for temperatures ≤500°C, after which their mechanical integrity began to fail due to pyrolysed PTFE. Stability was meticulously characterised and a degradation pathway for carbon catalysts was proposed, where expansion of the carbon black onion layers ultimately lead to catalyst particle detachment.

• Ferriday, Thomas Benjamin; Middleton, Peter Hugh & Kolhe, Mohan Lal (2023). Determining the change in performance from replacing a separator with an anion exchange membrane for alkaline water electrolysis. Journal of Physics: Conference Series (JPCS). ISSN 1742-6588. 2454(012003). doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/2454/1/012003. Show summary

  The emphasis on energy storage has caused renewed interest in alkaline water electrolysis (AWE), where the novel anion exchange membrane (AEM) has opened new pathways to further improve this mature technology. The comparison between the novel and the mature is most commonly performed on uneven grounds, as the ionic conductivity of the 30 wt.% (6.89 M) KOH electrolyte used in AWE is significantly greater than the 1.0 M employed in AEM water electrolysis. Through this paper, the performance of a zero-gap water electrolyser is systematically tested utilising either a separator or an AEM in a 1.0 M KOH electrolyte over several temperatures. Catalysed with only untreated nickel foam, the cell configuration with the AEM displayed predictably enough a notably lower series resistance and thereby a lower overpotential. However, the cell with the separator displayed better innate thermal stability, and showed stable results at 25°C, 40°C and 70°C. These findings exhibit the potential of additional R&D efforts in both separators and AEMs.

• Ferriday, Thomas Benjamin; Sampathkumar, Suhas Nuggehalli; Middleton, Peter Hugh & Van herle, Jan (2023). Investigation of Wet-Preparation Methods of Nickel Foam For Alkaline Water Electrolysis. Journal of Physics: Conference Series (JPCS). ISSN 1742-6588. 2430. doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/2430/1/012002. Show summary

  Water electrolysers are multi-component systems whose performance relies on each part performing its task. A great emphasis has been placed on the development of efficient catalyst-coated electrodes, however the efficacy of the underlying substrate itself has been overlooked. This paper investigates the resulting performance of nickel foam electrodes in 1.0 M KOH after being treated in various concentrations of hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid. The greatest performance was achieved utilising 0.50 M H2SO4 as measured by LSV, EIS and CV and ECSA, resulting in a 27% decline in series resistance relative to untreated nickel foam. The series resistance decreased continuously with acid concentration until a plateau was reached at the concentration of 0.5 M, where this trend was seen for both types of acid. Utilising these preparation methods for nickel foam electrodes can notably enhance electrode performance.

• Ferriday, Thomas Benjamin; Nuggehalli Sampathkumar, Suhas; Middleton, Peter Hugh; Van Herle, Jan & Kolhe, Mohan Lal (2023). How Acid Washing Nickel Foam Substrates Improves the Efficiency of the Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. Energies. ISSN 1996-1073. 16(5). doi: 10.3390/en16052083. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Nickel foam substrates are frequently utilised as porous 3D substrates for renewable energyapplications. The preparation of these substrates usually includes an acid-washing step, but thedegree to which this step affects the final electrochemical performance after spray-coating a catalystink is unreported. Herein, we report the effects of acid washing through physicochemical andelectrochemical characterisation. The electrochemical performance was determined through repeatedmeasurements of catalyst-coated nickel foam substrates both with and without the initial step of acidwashing. It was found that acid washing increased the current density by 17.9% for the acid-treatedMoS2-coated nickel foam electrode. This increment was affiliated with an electrochemically activesurface area that increased by 11.2%, and a Tafel analysis indicated that the acid-treated MoS2-coatedelectrodes facilitated the initial water dissociation step of the hydrogen evolution reaction with greaterease. Similar effects were also discovered for acid-treated PtIr(1:3)/C-coated nickel foam substrates.The stability was also improved; the degradation rate was reduced by 18.9% for the acid-treatedMoS2-coated electrodes. This demonstrates the utility of acid washing nickel foam electrodes.

• Sampathkumar, Suhas Nuggehalli; Ferriday, Thomas Benjamin; Middleton, Peter Hugh & Van Herle, Jan (2022). Activation of Stainless Steel 316L Anode for Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis. Electrochemistry communications. ISSN 1388-2481. 146. doi: 10.1016/j.elecom.2022.107418. Full text in Research Archive
• Ferriday, Thomas Benjamin; Middleton, Peter Hugh & Kolhe, Mohan Lal (2021). Review of the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction—A Basic Approach. Energies. ISSN 1996-1073. 14(24), p. 1–42. doi: 10.3390/en14248535. Full text in Research Archive
• Shyikira, Antoine de Padoue; Akhtar, Naureen; Skomedal, Gunstein & Middleton, Peter Hugh (2021). The effect of Mo and Ge reactive elements on high-temperature oxidation of higher manganese silicide. Corrosion Science. ISSN 0010-938X. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2021.109920. Full text in Research Archive
• Shyikira, Antoine de Padoue; Akhtar, Naureen; Skomedal, Gunstein; Sætre, Tor Oskar & Middleton, Peter Hugh (2021). High temperature oxidation of higher manganese silicides. Corrosion Science. ISSN 0010-938X. 185. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2021.109327. Full text in Research Archive
• Ferriday, Thomas Benjamin & Middleton, Peter Hugh (2021). Alkaline fuel cell technology - A review. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. ISSN 0360-3199. 46(35), p. 18489–18510. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.02.203. Full text in Research Archive
• Sampathkumar, Suhas Nuggehalli; Sun, Xiufu; Joris, Steve; Van Herle, Jan; Middleton, Peter Hugh & Frandsen, Henrik Lund (2021). Performance Analysis of Ammonia in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells . ECS Transactions. ISSN 1938-5862. 103(1), p. 185–199. doi: 10.1149/10301.0185ecst.
• Shyikira, Antoine de Padoue; Skomedal, Gunstein & Middleton, Peter Hugh (2020). Performance evaluation and stability of silicide-based thermoelectric modules. Materials Today: Proceedings. ISSN 2214-7853. 44(4), p. 3467–3474. doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.05.193. Full text in Research Archive
• Yakdehige, Sanath Kumara de Silva; Middleton, Peter Hugh & Kolhe, Mohan Lal (2020). Performance comparison of mono-polar and bi-polar configurations of alkaline electrolysis stack through 3-D modelling and experimental fabrication. Renewable Energy. ISSN 0960-1481. 149, p. 760–772. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2019.12.087.
• Skomedal, Gunstein; Vehus, Tore; Kanas, Nikola; Singh, Sathya Prakash; Einarsrud, Mari-Ann & Wiik, Kjell [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). Long term stability testing of oxide unicouple thermoelectric modules. Materials Today: Proceedings. ISSN 2214-7853. 8(2), p. 696–705. doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2019.02.070. Full text in Research Archive
• Ferriday, Thomas Benjamin & Middleton, Peter Hugh (2019). Experimental analysis of materials in proton exchange membrane electrolysis cells. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. ISSN 0360-3199. 44(51), p. 27656–27663. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.09.020.
• Yakdehige, Sanath Kumara de Silva; Middleton, Peter Hugh & Kolhe, Mohan Lal (2019). Performance Analysis of Single Cell Alkaline Electrolyser Using Mathematical Model. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. ISSN 1757-8981. 605:012002, p. 1–14. doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/605/1/012002.
• De Silva, Y Sanath K; Rasul, Mohamed Jemsy Mohamed Ashik; Middleton, Peter Hugh & Kolhe, Mohan Lal (2018). PEM FC Single Cell Based on a 3-D Printed Plastic Housing and Experimental Validation with the Mathematical Model. Energy Procedia. ISSN 1876-6102. 144, p. 63–74. doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2018.06.009.
• Ranasinghe, Sasanka Niromi & Middleton, Peter Hugh (2017). Modelling of Single Cell Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Using COMSOL Multiphysics, 2017 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2017 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe). IEEE conference proceedings. ISSN 978-1-5386-3917-7. doi: 10.1109/EEEIC.2017.7977790.
• Ranasinghe, Sasanka Niromi; Gardiyawasam Pussewalage, Harsha & Middleton, Peter Hugh (2017). Performance analysis of single cell solid oxide fuel cells, 2017 Moratuwa Engineering Research Conference (MERCon). IEEE conference proceedings. ISSN 978-1-5090-6491-5. doi: 10.1109/MERCon.2017.7980515.
• Coquoz, Pierre; Coton, Noelia; Cottier, Florian; Pappas, Andre; Middleton, Peter Hugh & Ihringer, Raphael (2017). Short Stack Kit for the Open Flange™ Set-up Using Soft Mica Seals. ECS Transactions. ISSN 1938-5862. 78(1), p. 2171–2179. doi: 10.1149/07801.2171ecst.
• Skomedal, Gunstein; Kristiansen, Nils Randulf; Sottong, Reinhard & Middleton, Peter Hugh (2017). Evaluation of Thermoelectric Performance and Durability of Functionalized Skutterudite Legs. Journal of Electronic Materials. ISSN 0361-5235. 46(4), p. 2438–2450. doi: 10.1007/s11664-017-5309-z.
• Skomedal, Gunstein; Burkov, Alexander; Samunin, Alexander Yu; Haugsrud, Reidar & Middleton, Peter Hugh (2016). High temperature oxidation of Mg2(Si-Sn). Corrosion Science. ISSN 0010-938X. 111(1), p. 325–333. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2016.05.016.
• Skomedal, Gunstein; Holmgren, Lennart; Middleton, Peter Hugh; Eremin, IS; Isachenko, GN & Jaegle, Martin [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2016). Design, assembly and characterization of silicide-based thermoelectric modules. Energy Conversion and Management. ISSN 0196-8904. 110, p. 13–21. doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2015.11.068.
• Sesselmann, A; Skomedal, Gunstein; Middleton, Peter Hugh & Muller, E (2015). The Influence of Synthesis Procedure on the Microstructure and Thermoelectric Properties of p-Type Skutterudite Ce0.6Fe2Co2Sb12. Journal of Electronic Materials. ISSN 0361-5235. doi: 10.1007/s11664-015-4046-4.
• Skomedal, Gunstein; Kristiansen, Nils Randulf; Engvoll, Marianne Aanvik & Middleton, Peter Hugh (2014). Methods for Enhancing the Thermal Durability of High-Temperature Thermoelectric Materials. Journal of Electronic Materials. ISSN 0361-5235. 43(6), p. 1946–1951. doi: 10.1007/s11664-013-2917-0. Show summary

  Thermoelectric materials, for example skutterudites and magnesium silicides, are being investigated as promising materials for medium-to-high-temperature waste heat recovery in transport and in industry. A crucial aspect of the success of a thermoelectric material is its stability over time when exposed to rapid heating and cooling. In this work different aspects of the degradation of these thermoelectric materials at high temperature were examined. Initial thermal durability was studied, and several candidate coatings were evaluated to enhance durability by protecting the materials from oxidation and sublimation during thermal cycles in air for up to 500 h and up to 873 K. The samples were characterized by SEM and EDS. The results showed it is possible to reduce degradation of the thermoelectric material without compromising overall thermoelectric efficiency.

• Middleton, Peter Hugh & Bidault, F. (2012). Alkaline fuel cells: Theory and application. In Sayigh, Ali (Eds.), Comprehensive Renewable Energy. Elsevier. ISSN 9780080878720. p. 159–182.
• Middleton, Peter Hugh & Leavers, V. (2011). The Case for Developing Industry Specific Standards for Condition Monitoring in Offshore Dynamic Systems. In Singh, Maneesh; Raj B. K. N., Rao & Liyanage, Jayantha Prasanna (Ed.), Proceedings of the 24th International Congress on Condition Monitoring and Diagnostics Engineering Management (COMADEM2011). COMADEM International. ISSN 0-9541307-2-3. p. 1641–1647. Show summary

  The harsh physical conditions encountered in offshore drilling applications around the globe lead to short life cycles and unpredictable equipment failures, in particular in N-Line riser tensioning systems. Lost revenues due to such system failures are significant. In addition, there is the high cost of repairing or replacing damaged piston rods. Thus, offshore equipment operators have a continuing need to increase reliability and for that reason new materials are being developed. To date, it has been accepted practice to use industry standard tests to rank new materials according to their resistance to various, independently assessed degradation mechanisms. The idea is that such testing will determine the expected lifespan of the materials under test. However, experience in the offshore industry shows that this procedure fails repeatedly. This paper examines the reasons why this method of evaluation is so ineffective. The conclusion is that available industry standard tests are not appropriate with respect to the current application because assessing degradation mechanisms independently cannot predict the lifetime of materials in environments where multiple degradation processes act randomly or in concert. Any new tests need to take into account the dynamic nature of the systems and the harsh working environments into which the materials will be deployed. To do this successfully both manufacturers and end users should work closely together to design as faithful a simulation of actual working conditions as it is possible to achieve. In this way, the cumulative effect of complex degradation mechanisms can be modelled and tested in the lab and the results used to determine effective condition monitoring regimes. That is, in order to prevent future breakdowns, the testing of new materials should ideally be coupled with the development of effective condition monitoring regimes capable of identifying incipient failure.

• Jiang, Zhonglin; Dai, Xin & Middleton, Peter Hugh (2011). Investigation on passivity of titanium under steady-state conditions in acidic solutions. Materials Chemistry and Physics. ISSN 0254-0584. 126(3), p. 859–865. doi: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2010.12.028.
• Jiang, Zhonglin; Dai, Xin; Norby, Truls & Middleton, Peter Hugh (2011). Investigation of pitting resistance of titanium based on a modified point defect model. Corrosion Science. ISSN 0010-938X. 53(2), p. 815–821. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2010.11.015. Show summary

  The pitting resistance of titanium was studied under potential control in solutions containing chloride ions. The results evidenced that Cl− concentration had an effect on the metastable pitting intensity, but no significant influence on the uniform corrosion. XPS characterization revealed that some Cl− ions were present in the outer hydroxide layer, but few in the inner oxide layer, indicating that the inner oxide layer was impervious to Cl− ions. A cation–anion-vacancy condensation mechanism was considered for pit initiation based on the point defect model (PDM). The experimental results analyzed by the charge integration technique were in agreement with the derived relations.

• Jiang, Zhonglin; Dai, Xin & Middleton, Peter Hugh (2011). Effect of silicon on corrosion resistance of Ti-Si alloys. Materials Science & Engineering: B. Solid-state Materials for Advanced Technology. ISSN 0921-5107. 176(1), p. 79–86. doi: 10.1016/j.mseb.2010.09.006.
• Dahl, Espen Hvidsten; Osinniy, v.; Larsen, Arne Nylandsted; Tronstad, Ragnar; Middleton, Peter Hugh & Sætre, Tor Oskar [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2010). IRON IMPURITIES IN WAFERS BASED ON DIFFERENT So-G SILICON FEEDSTOCK. Conference record of the Photovoltaic Specialists Conference. ISSN 0160-8371. p. 1571–1575. Show summary

  Iron is the dominant impurity in multicrystalline solar grade silicon (SoG-Si) produced by the Elkem Solar metallurgical method, and can be found in concentrations as large as 1014 -1015 atoms cm-3. The aim of the present investigation has been to reveal the chemical nature of iron and iron precipitates in Elkem Solar Silicon® (ESS?). The experimental approach which is used to characterize iron and its precipitates is based on a combination of several experimental techniques, such as microwave photoconductivity decay, secondary ion mass spectrometry, x-ray fluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy, which produce mutually complementary information. Wafers from two different Elkem Solar multicrystalline p-type feedstock, Elkem 1(simplified Elkem Solar process) and Elkem 2 (early plant start-up test production) where examined and compared to a reference multicrystalline p-type silicon from an external source. The average minority carrier lifetime of Elkem 1, 2.1 ?s was significantly low compared to 28 ?s for both Elkem 2 and reference. Fe-B pair concentration was higher in Elkem 1, and there is also suggested that Fe-Al and Fe-O pair concentrations were higher in Elkem 1. F-Al-O concentrations in clusters are higher in low minority carrier lifetime areas compared to high lifetime areas. Cluster containing these elements seems to have strong recombination strength. The concentration of clusters is higher in low lifetime areas. Clusters located in high lifetime areas are on the other hand much larger suggesting that the total content of Fe, Al and O to a higher degree should be located in the clusters and less as interstitial iron and iron precipitates. These forms of impurities can together make a large contribution to minority carrier lifetime and partly explain the low lifetime found in Elkem 1 wafers.

• Bidault, F.; Brett, D.J.L.; Middleton, Peter Hugh; Abson, N. & Brandon, N.P. (2010). An improved cathode for alkaline fuel cells. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. ISSN 0360-3199. 35(4), p. 1783–1788. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.12.035. Show summary

  The use of nickel foam as an electrode substrate in alkaline fuel cells (AFCs) has been investigated for bipolar cells incorporating an electrically conducting gas diffusion layer (GDL). Improved performance, compared to a previous design, was obtained by adding an extra active layer (AL) composed of manganese (IV) oxide (MnO2) deposited onto carbon black. This new cathode design performed significantly better (130 InA cm(-2) at 0.8 V and 25 degrees C) than the previous design (35 mA cm(-2) under the same condition), especially at higher potential. It has been shown that the GDL is a key component of the gas diffusion electrode for both performance and durability, especially with liquid electrolytes. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to study the various losses in the cathode as a function of electrolyte concentration, oxygen concentration and cell voltage. The typical impedance spectra consisted of one high frequency depressed semi-circle which is believed to be related to porosity and KOH wettability, and one low frequency semi-circle related to electrode kinetics. (c) 2009 Professor T. Nejat Veziroglu. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

• Grigoriev, Sergey A.; Millet, Pierre; Dzhus, K.A.; Middleton, Hugh; Sætre, Tor Oskar & Fateev, Vladimir (2010). Design and characterization of bi-functional electrocatalytic layers for application in PEM unitized regenerative fuel cells. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. ISSN 0360-3199. 35(10), p. 5070–5076. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.08.081. Show summary

  Results concerning the development and characterization of bi-functional electrocatalytic layers for application in unitized regenerative fuel cells (URFCs) based on proton exchange membrane (PEM) technology are reported. Carbon-supported hydrophobic (10 wt.% of PTFE) Pt catalysts (40 wt.% of Pt), and Pt and Jr black powders of large specific areas have been synthesized. Their structure, morphology and electrochemical properties have been investigated using SEM, TEM, XRD analysis, and by measurements of polarization curves and cyclic voltammograms. Current-voltage curves have been recorded during water electrolysis and H-2/O-2 fuel cell experiments to evaluate their performances at the lab-scale (7 cm(2) active area). Results show that, among various Pt-Ir compositions, the best URFC current-voltage performances are obtained with anodic electrocatalytic structures made of two adjacent porous layers, a first one made of Jr (50 wt.%) in direct contact with the polymer membrane and a second one made of Pt (50 wt.%) coated over the first one. (C) 2009 Professor T. Nejat Veziroglu. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

• Jiang, Zhonglin; Norby, Truls & Middleton, Peter Hugh (2010). Evaluation of metastable pitting on titanium by charge integration of current transients. Corrosion Science. ISSN 0010-938X. 52(10), p. 3158–3161. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2010.03.012.
• Bidault, F.; Brett, D.J.L.; Middleton, Peter Hugh; Abson, N. & Brandon, N.P. (2009). A new application for nickel foam in alkaline fuel cells. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. ISSN 0360-3199. 34(16), p. 6799–6808. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.06.035. Show summary

  The use of nickel foam as an electrode substrate in alkaline fuel cells (AFCs) has been investigated for bi-polar cells incorporating an electrically conducting gas diffusion layer. This contribution focuses on the cathode, and draws comparisons between nickel foam and nickel mesh substrates. One of the principal electrocatalysts for the cathodic reduction of oxygen is silver, so an improvement in electrochemical performance was obtained by electroplating the nickel foam with silver. The electrodeposition. process was optimised to maximise electrochemical performance with a minimum of silver deposited. Nickel foam, which is less expensive than the usual nickel mesh, appears to be a good substrate for AFC electrode fabrication, especially when incorporating a conducting gas diffusion layer. Silver deposited by electroplating onto the nickel foam was found to result in significantly enhanced electrochemical performance, with a reduction in both the Ohmic resistance of the electrode, as well as the oxygen reduction reaction charge transfer resistance. (C) 2009 International Association for Hydrogen Energy. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

• Bidault, F.; Brett, D.J.L.; Middleton, Peter Hugh & Brandon, N.P. (2009). Review of gas diffusion cathodes for alkaline fuel cells. Journal of Power Sources. ISSN 0378-7753. 187(1), p. 39–48. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.10.106. Show summary

  A review of the state-of-the-art in gas diffusion cathode development is given. The overall cell performance and stability is dominated by the behaviour of the cathode, leading to a focus of research effort on cathode development. The performance and durability of the gas diffusion electrode is Very Much dependent on the way in which the layer structures are fabricated from carbon and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The choice and treatment of the carbon support is of prime importance for the final catalytic activity. Noble metal and non-noble metal catalysts have been investigated and show good performance, however, more work is still needed on cathode durability to ensure the long term success of the alkaline fuel cell. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved,

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• Ferriday, Thomas Benjamin; Sampathkumar, Suhas Nuggehalli; Middleton, Peter Hugh & Van Herle, Jan (2023). (Digital Presentation) Quantifying the Effect of Potential Cycling Conditions on the Resulting Performance of Stainless Steel as an Anode for Alkaline Water Electrolysis. Meeting Abstracts - The Electrochemical Society [ECS]. ISSN 1091-8213. doi: 10.1149/MA2023-01362121mtgabs.
• Sampathkumar, Suhas Nuggehalli; Ferriday, Thomas Benjamin; Middleton, Peter Hugh & Van Herle, Jan (2023). Electrochemical Analysis of Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers (AEMWE). Meeting Abstracts - The Electrochemical Society [ECS]. ISSN 1091-8213. doi: 10.1149/MA2023-01361969mtgabs.
• Ferriday, Thomas Benjamin & Middleton, Peter Hugh (2022). 4.07 - Alkaline Fuel Cells, Theory and Applications. In Letcher, Trevor M. (Eds.), Comprehensive Renewable Energy, Second Edition. Elsevier. ISSN 978-0-12-819734-9. p. 166–231. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-819727-1.00080-7.
• Shyikira, Antoine de Padoue; Skomedal, Gunstein & Middleton, Peter Hugh (2019). Performance and stability of silicide based thermoelectric modules. Show summary

  Long-term studies on thermoelectric generator uni-couple based on N-type magnesium silicide (Mg2.01Si0.49Sn0.5Sb0.01) and P-type higher manganese silicide (Mn0.98Mo0.02Si1.73Ge0.02) materials are presented, in the operating temperature range of 2000C-4000C. Emphasis is put on the performance and reliability of the current collector configuration, especially, on the hot side of the module and on the thermomechanical stresses that are created during operation and lifetime testing, as a result of large temperature gradients experienced across the thermoelectric legs. With silver (Ag) paste as contact material, the long term-stability of the uni-couples were carried out on non-metalized legs and gold metalized legs under ambient conditions. Under isothermal and thermocycling tests, the non-metalized legs showed a gradual decrease in open circuit voltage (after a period of 200hours) and increase in internal resistance. In contrary, the metalized leg-based module was robust and stable for the same isothermal period, however, after 300cycles the n-type material showed mechanical failure (cracks) but the p-type resisted. Post-operation analysis by SEM/EDS and mechanical testing revealed that oxidation, adherence of the contact material and diffusion of the bonding material were the cause of performance degradation of the unicouples.

• Vehus, Tore; Skomedal, Gunstein; Kanas, Nikola & Middleton, Peter Hugh (2018). Hot side electrical contacts for oxide thermoelectric modules.
• Middleton, Peter Hugh (2016). Drømmemøte med forskere. [TV]. Distriktsnyheter Sørlandet.
• Grujic, Katarina; Meyer, Thomas; Middleton, Peter Hugh & Eivindson, Torkild (2014). On-line atomic absorption spectroscopy of molten metal.
• Middleton, Peter Hugh (2009). Utstilling: Hydrogenbruk og hydrogenproduksjon. Show summary

  En utstilling i forbindelse med åpningen av hydrogenveien i Kristiansand. Utstillingen besto av demonstrasjon av ulike brenselceller og utstilling av postere som omfatte emner hentet fra ulike forskningsområder innenfor energi ved Institutt for ingeniørvitenskap ved Universitetet i Agder.

• Grigoriev, Sergey; Fateev, Vladimir; Middleton, Peter Hugh; Sætre, Tor Oskar & Millet, Pierre (2008). A comparative evaluation of palladium and platinum nanoparticles as catalysts in proton exchange membrane electrochemical cells. ?. 1(4), p. 343–354. Show summary

  Abstract: The goal of the present study is the development and comparative characterisation of carbon-supported and nanostructured Pd- and Pt-based electrocatalysts for hydrogen oxidation in Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) H2/O2(air) fuel cells and proton reduction in PEM water electrolysers. Catalysts have been synthesised in a solution using a combined impregnation/reduction polyol method. They have been characterised using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and cyclic voltammetry. NanoPt, nanoPd and nanoPt-Pd catalysts deposited onto a carbon carrier have been used to prepare Membrane-Electrode Assemblies (MEAs) which, in turn, have been tested in PEM fuel cell and water electrolysis configuration. Using Pt0.5Pd0.5 (40 wt% on Vulcan XC-72) as a catalyst at the anodic side of a fuel cell, a typical cell voltage of 0.7 V was obtained at a current density of ca. 1.1 A cm¿2. Using Pd (40 wt% on Vulcan XC-72) as a catalyst at the cathodic side of an electrolysis cell, a typical voltage of 1.70 V was obtained at a current density of 1 A cm¿2. The electrochemical performances of the MEAs containing nanoPd-Vulcan were found similar to those obtained with nanoPt-Vulcan, either in fuel cell mode or electrolysis mode of operation. Palladium can, therefore, be used as an alternative catalyst for the hydrogen electrode in PEM electrochemical cells.

• Grigoriev, Sergey; Ilyukhina, L.I.; Middleton, Hugh; Sætre, Tor Oskar; Chernyshova, O.V. & Fateev, Vladimir (2007). Comparative evaluation of palladium and platinum nanoparticles as catalysts in PEM electrochemical cells. Show summary

  The goal of the present study is development and characterization of nanostructured carbon-supported Pd-based electrocatalysts for hydrogen oxidation and proton reduction in proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells and electrolysers. The catalysts were synthesized in a liquid phase using simultaneous sorption/reduction technique. For catalysts characterization cyclic voltammetry, SEM, TEM, XRD and TGA have been applied. Using the synthesized Pt, Pd and Pt-Pd catalyst, membrane-electrode assemblies (MEAs) for PEM fuel cell and electrolysers have been prepared and successfully tested. For instance, in a fuel cell with catalyst Pd40/Vulcan-XC72 on a hydrogen electrode at a voltage of 0,7 V, a current density of 0,7 A/cm2 was realized. The typical voltage of PEM electrolysis cell with this catalyst on the cathode was ca. 1,75 V at a current density of 1 A/cm2. In general, the electrochemical performances of the MEAs containing the Pd electrocatalysts on carbon carrier on hydrogen electrode were comparable to that of the MEAs including the Pt-based electrocatalysts

• Tønnessen, Trine; Jørgensen, Sissel; Diplas, Spyros & Middleton, Hugh (2007). Electrodes for Alkaline Fuel Cells and Electrolysers Prepared by Thermal Spraying.
• Gundersen, John Nitter; Burgold, Jan; Middleton, Hugh; Midtgård, Ole-Morten; Nielsen, Henrik Kofoed & Næser, Harald (2007). The Energy Park as a Tool for Education in Renewable Energy. Show summary

  The National Centre for Renewable Energy, usually denoted ?The Energy Park? has been used for teaching and informing the public about the technology of renewable energy since the year 2000. The paper describes how The Energy Park has been integrated into the curriculum through student projects. The projects are on all levels from smaller student projects to PhD projects and projects initiated from the industry. Typical projects are based on photovoltaic cells, bioenergy, hydrogen technology including fuel cells, solar collectors and energy wells. Cooperation with University of Applied Sciences (UAS) Stralsund, Germany including their Complex Laboratory and energy crops activity is also described in this paper. When the park was established in 2000, the energy studies at Agder University College (AUC) had few students. Hence a lot of activity took place in order to attract more students, including the building of The Energy Park. Central parts of these activities are described in this paper, such as bioenergy, hydrogen technology, electric power engineering and solar collectors. During the years the park has attracted several students to AUC. In this way it has been an important part of the maintenance of the energy studies. In addition we are now cooperating with several foreign and national universities and research institutions as well as commercial companies including those which co-funded the park. We are also a centre where an important role is the dissemination of knowledge about renewable energy and related topics. This takes place partly by guided tours and partly through energy conferences and lectures. Further a newsletter is issued that mainly focuses on the research activities of the energy group.

• Tønnessen, Trine; Jørgensen, Sissel; Diplas, Spyros & Middleton, Hugh (2007). Thermal Sprayed Electrodes for Hydrogen Evolution in Alkaline Electrolysers.
• Middleton, Peter Hugh; Kolhe, Mohan Lal; Van Herle, Jan & Ferriday, Thomas Benjamin (2024). Membrane electrode assemblies for anion exchange membrane water electrolysers. Universitetet i Agder. ISSN 978-82-8427-196-5.
• Skomedal, Gunstein & Middleton, Peter Hugh (2016). Thermally activated degradation processes in novel thermoelectric for waste heat recovery. Universitetet i Agder. ISSN 1504-9272.
• Tønnessen, Trine & Middleton, Peter Hugh (2012). Nickel based electrodes for hydrogen processes. Akademika forlag. ISSN 1501-7710.

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