Hege Bergljot Wallevik

• Kinsbergen, Sara; Haaland, Hanne; Schulpen, Lau & Wallevik, Hege (2023). The Articles of Faith of Citizen Aid Actors–between Dreams and Realities, The Rise of Small-Scale Development Organisations: The Emergence, Positioning and Role of Citizen Aid Actors. Routledge. ISSN 9781032132327.
• Frydenlund, Erika; Haaland, Hanne; Padilla, Jose J & Wallevik, Hege (2023). Citizen Initiatives in Humanitarian Aid: Lesvos, Greece as a Case in Bottom-Up Humanitarian Assistance Mobilization, The Rise of Small-Scale Development Organisations: The Emergence, Positioning and Role of Citizen Aid Actors. Routledge. ISSN 9781032132327.
• Korsvik, Valerie-Peggy Immy; Shults, Lee Michael; Haaland, Hanne & Wallevik, Hege (2023). Citizen Initiatives for Global Solidarity (CIGS), Frontier Africans, and Experiences of Translocal Networking. I Haaland, Hanne; Kinsbergen, Sara; Schulpen, Lau & Wallevik, Hege (Red.), The rise of small-scale development organisations: The emergence, positioning and role of citizen aid actors. Routledge. ISSN 9781032132327.
• Haaland, Hanne; Shults, Lee Michael & Wallevik, Hege (2023). Citizen Initiatives for Global Solidarity (CIGS) as new development actors in Norway - an exploration of how and why they emerge, The Rise of Small-Scale Development Organisations: The Emergence, Positioning and Role of Citizen Aid Actors. Routledge. ISSN 9781032132327.
• Magnussen, May-Linda; Alasow, Mona; Haaland, Hanne & Wallevik, Hege (2023). Realitetsorientering? Kategorisering av kvinner med fluktbakgrunn i Agder. I Vadum, Kristoffer; Grødum, Kjetil & Thomas, Olsen (Red.), Utenforskap, stigmatisering og fremmedfrykt på Agder: 1860 til i dag. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISSN 978-82-02-82581-2. s. 185–208. Vis sammendrag

  Tittelen på denne antologien – Utenforskap, stigmatisering og fremmedfrykt på Agder: Fra 1860 til i dag – bærer bud om et kritisk perspektiv på hvordan samfunnet på Agder har behandlet folk som avviker fra vedtatte normer og forventninger. Samtidig anlegges et historisk perspektiv på hvordan samfunnet har søkt etter løsninger som balanserer hensynet til enkeltindividets autonomi og verdighet med behovet for å opprettholde orden, konformitet og normer for individuell deltakelse i samfunnet. I det innledende kapitlet setter Kjetil Homane Grødum bokas emne inn i en større sammenheng. Anne Mette Seines gir innblikk i den tidlige perioden i omsorg og behandlinger av psykiske lidelser på Agder. Thomas Olsen tar for seg debatten rundt institusjonaliseringen av fattigomsorgen i Halse og Mandal rundt århundreskiftet 1900. Thomas V.H. Hagen setter etableringen av en sørlandsk krets av Norges Vanførelag inn i en større historisk sammenheng, mens Dag Hundstad bidrar til å skrive skeive stemmer inn i den regionale historien. Deretter gransker Kristoffer Vadum de lokale medienes dekning av Folkebevegelsen mot innvandring i arendalsområdet mellom 1987 og 1991. Monika K. Håland undersøker hvordan motstanden mot den samme folkebevegelsen resulterte i etableringen av landets første antirasistiske sone i Arendal i 1988. Avslutningsvis undersøker Solveig Hessaa-Szwinto rasisme mot personer med østasiatisk opprinnelse i lys av begrepet interseksjonalitet, mens May-Linda Magnussen, Mona Alasow, Hanne Haaland og Hege Wallevik tar for seg kategorisering av kvinner med fluktbakgrunn på Agder. Denne antologien retter seg mot forskere og studenter innen ulike fagfelt, men kan også være av interesse for alle som ønsker å forstå hvordan utenforskap, stigmatisering og fremmedfrykt har formet og fortsetter å påvirke vårt samfunn.

• Haaland, Hanne; Lund, Rebecca Waters Boldsen; Magnussen, May-Linda & Wallevik, Hege (2022). Professorkvalifiseringens affektive økonomi. Styring, følelser og motstand. I Aarseth, Helene & Owesen, Ingeborg Winderen (Red.), Kjønn og akademia: På vei mot BALANSE?. Fagbokforlaget. ISSN 9788245044102. s. 171–193. doi: 10.55669/oa160809. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Haaland, Hanne; Magnussen, May-Linda & Wallevik, Hege (2021). Å bruke erfaringene til nyankomne mannlige syriske flyktninger til å utfordre den store norske integreringsfortellingen. I Gullikstad, Berit; Kristensen, Guro Korsnes & Sætermo, Turid Fånes (Red.), Fortellinger om integrering i norske lokalsamfunn. Universitetsforlaget. ISSN 9788215042954. doi: 10.18261/9788215042961-2021. Vis sammendrag

  Som følge av internasjonal migrasjon og norsk bosettingspolitikk bor det i dag innvandrere i alle landets kommuner. Hvordan det går med dem og hvordan deres tilstedeværelse virker inn i norske lokalsamfunn er temaet for denne boka. Kapitlene tar utgangspunkt i at integrering er noe som berører alle innbyggere og utforsker hva integrering som forståelser, praksiser og erfaringer innebærer. De empiriske undersøkelsesområdene spenner vidt: fra praksiser i offentlige integreringstjenester til dugnader og kunstprosjekter, fra medieoppslag i lokalaviser til konflikthåndtering blant ungdommer og transnasjonale hverdagsliv i innvandrerfamilier. Hvordan fortelles det om slike integreringserfaringer, og hva betyr lokalsamfunn og sted i disse fortellingene? Studiene viser at integrering forstås på mange forskjellige måter. Dette mangfoldet i forståelser bidrar til å utfordre det tilsynelatende entydige politiske integreringsbegrepet og kaste lys over integreringens mangefasetterte virkelighet. I tråd med dette viser bokas kapitler også at sted og lokalsamfunn er under kontinuerlig tilblivelse som arena for både fellesskap og utenforskap. Boka argumenter for at integrering er blitt en kulturell verdi som i dagens Norge knyttes til det å være både en god borger og et godt lokalsamfunn.

• Haaland, Hanne; Magnussen, May-Linda & Wallevik, Hege (2021). Ulike måter å «sikre sted»: flyktningers fortellinger om integrering inn i et lokalsamfunn i Sør-Norge. I Gullikstad, Berit; Kristensen, Guro Korsnes & Sætermo, Turid Fånes (Red.), Fortellinger om integrering i norske lokalsamfunn. Universitetsforlaget. ISSN 9788215042954. doi: 10.18261/9788215042961-2021. Vis sammendrag

  Som følge av internasjonal migrasjon og norsk bosettingspolitikk bor det i dag innvandrere i alle landets kommuner. Hvordan det går med dem og hvordan deres tilstedeværelse virker inn i norske lokalsamfunn er temaet for denne boka. Kapitlene tar utgangspunkt i at integrering er noe som berører alle innbyggere og utforsker hva integrering som forståelser, praksiser og erfaringer innebærer. De empiriske undersøkelsesområdene spenner vidt: fra praksiser i offentlige integreringstjenester til dugnader og kunstprosjekter, fra medieoppslag i lokalaviser til konflikthåndtering blant ungdommer og transnasjonale hverdagsliv i innvandrerfamilier. Hvordan fortelles det om slike integreringserfaringer, og hva betyr lokalsamfunn og sted i disse fortellingene? Studiene viser at integrering forstås på mange forskjellige måter. Dette mangfoldet i forståelser bidrar til å utfordre det tilsynelatende entydige politiske integreringsbegrepet og kaste lys over integreringens mangefasetterte virkelighet. I tråd med dette viser bokas kapitler også at sted og lokalsamfunn er under kontinuerlig tilblivelse som arena for både fellesskap og utenforskap. Boka argumenter for at integrering er blitt en kulturell verdi som i dagens Norge knyttes til det å være både en god borger og et godt lokalsamfunn.

• Shults, Lee Michael; Haaland, Hanne & Wallevik, Hege (2021). Localizing Global Solidarity: Humanitarian Aid in Lesvos. Frontiers in Political Science. ISSN 2673-3145. 3. doi: 10.3389/fpos.2021.690907. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Haaland, Hanne & Wallevik, Hege (2020). Beyond crisis management? The role of Citizen Initiatives for Global Solidarity in humanitarian aid: the case of Lesvos. I Fechter, Anne Maike & Schwittay, Anke (Red.), Citizen Aid and Everyday Humanitarianism. Routledge. ISSN 9781003029090.
• Frydenlund, Erika; Padilla, Jose; Haaland, Hanne & Wallevik, Hege (2020). The Rise and Fall of Humanitarian Citizen Initiatives: A Simulation-Based Approach. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS). ISSN 0302-9743. 12268, s. 255–265. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-61255-9_25.
• Haaland, Hanne; Wallevik, Hege; Frydenlund, Erika & Padilla, Jose J (2020). Modelers and Ethnographers as Co-Creators of Knowledge: Do We Belong Together? . Proceedings of the International ISCRAM Conference. ISSN 2411-3387. s. 1113–1121.
• Curwen, Naomi; Haaland, Hanne & Wallevik, Hege (2019). The potential of Institutional Ethnography in Norwegian development research and practice: Exploring child marriage in Nepal. I Lund, Rebecca & Nilsen, Ann Cristin (Red.), Institutional Ethnography in the Nordic Region. Routledge. ISSN 9780367030353.
• Haaland, Hanne & Wallevik, Hege (2019). Beyond Crisis Management? The role of Citizen Initiatives for Global Solidarity in humanitarian aid: the case of Lesvos . Third World Quarterly. ISSN 0143-6597. 40(10), s. 1869–1983. doi: 10.1080/01436597.2019.1656060.
• Salimi, Khadijeh; Frydenlund, Erika; Padilla, Jose J; Haaland, Hanne & Wallevik, Hege (2019). The role of elites in the diffusion of social norms of humanitarianism. Simulation Series. ISSN 0735-9276. 51(1). doi: 10.23919/SpringSim.2019.8732925.
• Salimi, Khadijeh; Frydenlund, Erika; Padilla, Jose J; Haaland, Hanne & Wallevik, Hege (2019). How does humanitarianism spread? Modeling the origins of citizen initiatives through norm diffusion. Winter simulation conference : proceedings. ISSN 0891-7736. 2018-December, s. 33–44. doi: 10.1109/WSC.2018.8632287.
• Padilla, Jose J; Frydenlund, Erika; Wallevik, Hege & Haaland, Hanne (2018). Model co-creation from a modeler?s perspective: Lessons learned from the collaboration between ethnographers and modelers. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS). ISSN 0302-9743. 10899 LNCS, s. 70–75. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-93372-6_8.
• Magnussen, May-Linda; Lund, Rebecca Waters Bolden & Wallevik, Hege (2018). Et kjønnet rom for akademisk skriving. Den vitenskapelige publiseringens sosiale organisering, sett fra ståstedet til kvinnelige førsteamanuenser ved Universitetet i Agder. Tidsskrift for kjønnsforskning. ISSN 0809-6341. 42(1-2), s. 85–103. doi: 10.18261/issn.1891-1781-2018-01-02-06.
• Haaland, Hanne & Wallevik, Hege (2017). Frivillig sektor som inngangsport til det norske . I Johnsen, Berit Eide (Red.), På vandring og på flukt. Migrasjon i historisk perspektiv. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISSN 9788202574130. doi: 10.23865/noasp.22.
• Haaland, Hanne & Wallevik, Hege (2017). Citizens as actors in the development field : the case of an accidental aid-agent’s activities in aid-land. Forum for Development Studies. ISSN 0803-9410. 44(2), s. 203–222. doi: 10.1080/08039410.2017.1305444.
• Haaland, Hanne & Wallevik, Hege (2016). Reflections on Gender and Diversity in Cross-Cultural On-line Teaching. Kvinder, Køn og Forskning. ISSN 0907-6182. 1. doi: 10.7146/kkf.v25i1.97068.
• Haaland, Hanne & Wallevik, Hege (2016). Comparative reflection. I Johnsen, Hans Christian Garman; Hauge, Elisabeth S.; Magnussen, May-Linda & Ennals, Richard (Red.), Applied social science research in a regional knowledge system. Routledge. ISSN 978-1-4724-8782-7. s. 127–140.
• Cruickshank, Jørn & Wallevik, Hege (2016). Power and knowledge. I Johnsen, Hans Christian Garman; Hauge, Elisabeth S.; Magnussen, May-Linda & Ennals, Richard (Red.), Applied social science research in a regional knowledge system. Routledge. ISSN 978-1-4724-8782-7. s. 157–171.
• Baker, Jonathan David & Wallevik, Hege (2014). Changing Life Worlds and Contested Space: Seclusion Practices among the Iraqw of Northern Tanzania. I Jacky, Bouju & Mirjam, de Bruijn (Red.), Ordinary Violence and Social Change in Africa. Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 978-90-04-27155-5. s. 12–26. doi: 10.1163/9789004272569_003.
• Baker, Jonathan; Wallevik, Hege; Bouju, Jacky & de Bruijn, Mirjam (2007). Changing life worlds and contested space: A discussion of seclusion practices among the Iraqw of Northern Tanzania, Social Violence and Exclusion. LIT Verlag. s. 133–147. Vis sammendrag

  The focus of this paper is a discussion of the Iraqw ethnic group in northern Tanzania. The discussion concerns the cultural practice of meeta, which refers to a set of seclusion practices employed by the Iraqw. In this paper we discuss different understandings of these cultural practices. It reveals how meeta can be understood from a western perspective, and thus understood as social violence. On the other hand, the paper presents an interpretation of meeta as seen from an Iraqw perspective where these seclusion practices are seen more as a set of regulations protecting Iraqw communities from harmful influences. Thus, the paper deals with the contested meanings of this cultural practice and how the Iraqw people live with these contested meanings. Data were collected from the small, but important, town of Mbulu and three surrounding rural locations in Mbulu District in the newly-created Manyara Region.

• Baker, Jonathan & Wallevik, Hege (2003). Poverty and Wealth at the Rural-Urban Interface: An Actor-Centred Perspective from Northern Tanzania. Environment & Urbanization. ISSN 0956-2478. 15(2), s. 229–248.

Se alle arbeider i Cristin

• Haaland, Hanne; Kinsbergen, Sara; Schulpen, Lau & Wallevik, Hege (2023). The rise of small-scale development organisations: The emergence, positioning and role of citizen aid actors. Routledge. ISBN 9781032132327. 214 s.

Se alle arbeider i Cristin

• Haaland, Hanne; Magnussen, May-Linda; Wallevik, Hege & Frykman, Maja (2021). Ulike måter å "sikre sted": flyktningers fortellinger om integrering inn i et lokalsamfunn i Sør-Norge. I Gullikstad, Berit; Kristensen, Guro Korsnes & Sætermo, Turid Fånes (Red.), Fortellinger om integrering i norske lokalsamfunn. Universitetsforlaget. ISSN 9788215042954. s. 180–202. doi: https:/doi.org/10.18261/9788215042961-2021. Vis sammendrag

  Som følge av internasjonal migrasjon og norsk bosettingspolitikk bor det i dag innvandrere i alle landets kommuner. Hvordan det går med dem og hvordan deres tilstedeværelse virker inn i norske lokalsamfunn er temaet for denne boka. Kapitlene tar utgangspunkt i at integrering er noe som berører alle innbyggere og utforsker hva integrering som forståelser, praksiser og erfaringer innebærer. De empiriske undersøkelsesområdene spenner vidt: fra praksiser i offentlige integreringstjenester til dugnader og kunstprosjekter, fra medieoppslag i lokalaviser til konflikthåndtering blant ungdommer og transnasjonale hverdagsliv i innvandrerfamilier. Hvordan fortelles det om slike integreringserfaringer, og hva betyr lokalsamfunn og sted i disse fortellingene? Studiene viser at integrering forstås på mange forskjellige måter. Dette mangfoldet i forståelser bidrar til å utfordre det tilsynelatende entydige politiske integreringsbegrepet og kaste lys over integreringens mangefasetterte virkelighet. I tråd med dette viser bokas kapitler også at sted og lokalsamfunn er under kontinuerlig tilblivelse som arena for både fellesskap og utenforskap. Boka argumenter for at integrering er blitt en kulturell verdi som i dagens Norge knyttes til det å være både en god borger og et godt lokalsamfunn.

• Haaland, Hanne; Magnussen, May-Linda & Wallevik, Hege (2021). Å bruke erfaringene til nyankomne mannlige syriske flyktninger til å utfordre den store norske integreringsfortellingen. I Gullikstad, Berit; Kristensen, Guro Korsnes & Sætermo, Turid Fånes (Red.), Fortellinger om integrering i norske lokalsamfunn. Universitetsforlaget. ISSN 9788215042954. s. 87–108. doi: https:/doi.org/10.18261/9788215042961-2021. Vis sammendrag

  Som følge av internasjonal migrasjon og norsk bosettingspolitikk bor det i dag innvandrere i alle landets kommuner. Hvordan det går med dem og hvordan deres tilstedeværelse virker inn i norske lokalsamfunn er temaet for denne boka. Kapitlene tar utgangspunkt i at integrering er noe som berører alle innbyggere og utforsker hva integrering som forståelser, praksiser og erfaringer innebærer. De empiriske undersøkelsesområdene spenner vidt: fra praksiser i offentlige integreringstjenester til dugnader og kunstprosjekter, fra medieoppslag i lokalaviser til konflikthåndtering blant ungdommer og transnasjonale hverdagsliv i innvandrerfamilier. Hvordan fortelles det om slike integreringserfaringer, og hva betyr lokalsamfunn og sted i disse fortellingene? Studiene viser at integrering forstås på mange forskjellige måter. Dette mangfoldet i forståelser bidrar til å utfordre det tilsynelatende entydige politiske integreringsbegrepet og kaste lys over integreringens mangefasetterte virkelighet. I tråd med dette viser bokas kapitler også at sted og lokalsamfunn er under kontinuerlig tilblivelse som arena for både fellesskap og utenforskap. Boka argumenter for at integrering er blitt en kulturell verdi som i dagens Norge knyttes til det å være både en god borger og et godt lokalsamfunn.

• Haaland, Hanne; Stensrud, Astrid Bredholt & Wallevik, Hege (2020). Kvinners rettigheter er under økende press. Fædrelandsvennen. ISSN 0805-3790.
• Haaland, Hanne & Wallevik, Hege (2019). EU - hvor er du? Nødrop fra Lesvos . Dagsavisen. ISSN 1503-2892.
• Haaland, Hanne & Wallevik, Hege (2019). EU - hvor er du? . Avisa Vårt land.
• Haaland, Hanne & Wallevik, Hege (2017). Citizen Initiatives in the Midst of a Refugee Crisis: exploring the case of Lesvos through institutional ethnography .
• Haaland, Hanne & Wallevik, Hege (2017). Citizen Initiatives in the Midst of a Refugee Crisis: The Case of Lesvos Hanne Haaland, University of Agder; Hege Bergljot Wallevik, University of Agder .
• Haaland, Hanne & Wallevik, Hege (2017). Frivillig sektor som inngangsport til det norske. I Johnsen, Berit Eide (Red.), På vandring og på flukt. Migrasjon i historisk perspektiv. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISSN 9788202574130. s. 183–205.
• Haaland, Hanne & Wallevik, Hege (2015). Flyktningkrise, global solidaritet og humanitær bistand. Vårt land. ISSN 0805-5424.
• Haaland, Hanne & Wallevik, Hege (2015). Global solidaritet og hjemmelaget humanitær bistand. Fædrelandsvennen. ISSN 0805-3790.
• Haaland, Hanne & Wallevik, Hege (2015). Not famous, but good hearted. A typology of home-made aid initatives in Norway.
• Wallevik, Hege (2014). Researching gender in Zanzibar Town: On the importance of interdependency and the difficulty of exporting an ideal of independence.
• Haaland, Hanne & Wallevik, Hege (2014). The South in the North”: How Ethnographic Field Work and a Broader Understanding of Development Studies can Contribute to the Norwegian Integration Debates.
• Haaland, Hanne & Wallevik, Hege (2014). “Home-Made Aid” in Norway: Power and Resistance Across the North-South Span.
• Haaland, Hanne & Wallevik, Hege (2014). Restating the obvious? On the importance of experience, patience and comparative reflection in ethnographic knowledge production. Vis sammendrag

  Long-term anthropological fieldwork employing participant observation in far-away distant places provides researchers with an extensive experience as well as an embodied knowledge on being “the outsider. Potentially limited language skills or lack of experience with how language also reflects context, as well as limited knowledge about cultural codes of behavior contributes to a situation where the fieldworker for a long time will be seen as an outsider by the community she is trying to study. As a consequence, she will also experience what it feels like to be in the periphery of local happenings and understandings. Working ones way into the unknown; getting rid of own preconceptions and opening up for an exploration of the life worlds of others demands patience, time and reflexivity. It also demands the ability to cope with “being in nothingness” for quite some time. Hanging around, taking part of and informally being with is a “being in the world” that in the end will give researchers the skills that enable them to manoeuvre within the lifeworlds they explore. Such an immersion into lifeworlds - understanding things from within, also gives researchers a competence in comparative reflection. In this paper we focus on the experiences contained through long term fieldwork and how this knowledge can be utilized in exploring diaspora milieus. With a particular emphasis on experience, patience and comparative reflection in ethnographic knowledge production we discuss ways into achieving increased understanding of the double contexts that people in diaspora milieus live and enact.

• Haaland, Hanne & Wallevik, Hege (2014). Accidental Aid Workers, Aid Entrepreneurs and the “Warm Hearted”: A Typology of Personalised Aid Initiatives in Norway.
• Haaland, Hanne & Wallevik, Hege (2014). The accidental aid worker. Spotlight presentation on what is happening on personalised aid in Norway.
• Haaland, Hanne & Wallevik, Hege (2014). Personalised aid in Norway: Spotlight presentation from Norway. Vis sammendrag

  In a Scandinavian context, civil society organisations have played an important part in development aid. The NGO sector in Norway has grown substantially since the mid-eighties as they have served as a tool for the state in reaching civil society in developing countries. Moreover, the NGOs have served as a tool for channelling the Norwegian popular engagement. However, the growth of the NGO sector has also led to an increased bureaucratization and professionalization, making critics claim that the NGOs have lost their flexibility and ability to mobilise and reach their target groups. More importantly, such a bureaucratization seems to leave limited room for popular engagement beyond mere financial contributions. The result is a new actor on the scene – the privatized, personalised aid actor, of which we have limited knowledge. These new actors also work towards civil society development in the South, but are not constrained by the same bureaucracy as the established NGOs. Rather, there is no control with their activities and overall approach and strategies for doing development. The entrance of the new actors raises many questions; why do such initiatives emerge, and what motivates them? Are existing civil society organisations restraining rather than facilitating popular engagement? Has the real popular-engagement increasingly moved on to a more personalized “do-it-yourself” type of aid? How does this new phenomenon change the aid scenery in Norway and more importantly, what are the consequences of their presence and practices in the South? In what way do these new actors reflect notions of symmetrical relationships with ideas of partnerships, equality and questions of contextual applicability? The presentation explores the questions above and present findings from an on-going research project on personalized aid in Norway.

• Ryen, Anne; Sortevik Haaland, Hanne & Wallevik, Hege (2013). My life is part of it: Articulating the silenced work of female ethnographers.
• Wallevik, Hege (2013). Unge kvinner, økonomi og det uformelle. Muligheter og utfordringer i byen.
• Wallevik, Hege (2013). Økonomisk aktivitet blant kvinner i Zanzibar by.
• Haaland, Hanne & Wallevik, Hege (2013). Hva er lurt og hva er lureri? Fædrelandsvennen. ISSN 0805-3790.
• Haaland, Hanne; Ryen, Anne & Wallevik, Hege (2013). My life is part of it: Articulating the silenced work of female ethnographers. Vis sammendrag

  This paper discusses the complexities and quandaries of ethnographic work when aiming at understanding networks and reciprocity in the South. As always, if we are to understand such relationships from within, there is a need, as researchers, also to get involved and to participate in them. Thus, this paper focuses on the level of involvement and the personal implications of this approach. For decades ethnographers have discussed, worried about as well as indulged into, the interactional issues in the field. However, they have also tended not to articulate how the ethnographers` personal life may co-shape the conduct of research as well as the text. From a feminist perspective we claim that getting immersed also implies challenging the boundaries between the western conception of the private and the public of ethnographic work as reflected in the discussion of contemporary codes of field conduct. We claim that resistances and invitations present stories about the organizations and com munities themselves. Drawing on our cross-cultural ethnographic experiences, we argue that ethnographers should articulate these stories as they expose values and interests of the actors, both ties and conflicts. Our focus is with the first phase when entering the field. We draw on data from our respective projects,- our ways into a small-scale female network for income-generation in Zanzibar Town, the entry into a larger male Asian business network in East-Africa, and third, the entrance into networks and relationships in a Mozambican village context.

• Haaland, Hanne & Wallevik, Hege (2013). A new development actor with old notions of aid? Personalised aid actors entering the civil society arena in Norway and the Global South. Vis sammendrag

  In a Scandinavian context, civil society organisations have played an important part in development aid. The NGO sector in Norway has grown substantially since the mid-eighties as they have served as a tool for the state in reaching civil society in developing countries. Moreover, the NGOs have served as a tool for channelling the Norwegian popular engagement. The engagement of civil society both in Norway and in recipient countries (“people to people”) has however been an important dimension of Norwegian development policy, and towards this end NGOs have received generous state funding The funding has been so substantial as to make some critical question of the degree of “folk”-involvement and the autonomy of the NGOs as they are accountable to public policy criteria (Tvedt, 1998). The criteria for funding are increasingly professionalized in terms of issues such as financial transparency, avoidance of dependency, local ownership of development, economic and environmental sustainability and the like. If established NGOs are being held artificially alive by state subsidies (Tvedt, 2007), has the real popular-engagement increasingly moved on to a more personalized “do-it-yourself” type of aid? Is the bureaucratization of NGOs an important backdrop for the new trend of personalized aid giving, where individuals are allowed to engage in projects that are not subject to bureaucratic regulations and rules and where personalized relationships between donor and recipients play an increasingly important part? The growth of the NGO sector has led to an increased bureaucratization and professionalization, making critics claim that the NGOs have lost their flexibility and ability to mobilise and reach their target groups. More importantly, such a bureaucratization leave limited room for popular engagement beyond mere financial contributions. The result is a new actor on the scene – the privatized, personalised aid actor, of which we have limited knowledge. By personalized aid we refer to development projects which are run by individuals (one or more) in the North and that are based on established resource flows between these individual givers in the North and their receivers in the South. These initiatives can range from being loosely organized and run in an ad-hoc manner on a part-time basis to more structured initiatives with a more permanent set up run more on a full time basis. However, it does not include organizations which are formally registered as NGOs, foundations or other. The new actors also work towards civil society development in the South, but are not constrained by the same bureaucracy as the established NGOs. Rather, there is no control with their activities and overall approach and strategies for doing development. The norm for working with civil society organisations across the North –South divide has been characterised by ideas of partnerships, equality and questions of contextual applicability, reflecting notions of symmetrical relationships. The entrance of the new actors raises the following questions; why do such initiatives emerge, and what motivates them? Are existing civil society organisations restraining rather than facilitating popular engagement? How does this new phenomenon change the aid scenery in Norway and more importantly, what are the consequences of their presence and practices in the South. The paper explores the questions above and present findings from an on-going research project on personalised aid.

• Jøssang, Asle; Haaland, Hanne & Wallevik, Hege (2013). Bistanden ingen har oversikt over. Vårt land. ISSN 0805-5424.
• Wallevik, Hege (2012). Antropologiske innganger: Presentasjon av et Bachelorarbeid på tradisjonelt helsesystem i Tanzania.
• Wallevik, Hege (2012). The complexity of generalistaion: A phenomenoloigical approach to economic affairs among women in Zanzibar Town.
• Wallevik, Hege (2012). Kvinner på Zanzibar: Stakkarslige eller driftige?
• Wallevik, Hege (2012). Resisting generalized interpretations: How a phenomenological approach enrich gender and development debates within the wider development discourse.
• Ryen, Anne; Haaland, Hanne; Temba, Eulalia & Wallevik, Hege (2012). Doing being us. Some critical reflections on collaboration in North-South research.
• Haaland, Hanne Sortevik & Wallevik, Hege (2012). Å snakke "med" innvandrerkvinner. Fædrelandsvennen. ISSN 0805-3790.
• Haaland, Hanne Sortevik; Wallevik, Hege & Jøssang, Asle (2012). Starten på en analyse av privatisert bistand: «Hvorfor, hvordan og ideer om utvikling».
• Haaland, Hanne Sortevik; Wallevik, Hege & Jøssang, Asle F. (2012). Om å «gjøre godt»: en introduksjon til forskning på fenomenet privatisert, individualisert bistand.
• Haaland, Hanne Sortevik & Wallevik, Hege (2011). Ulike blikk på mikrokreditt. Fædrelandsvennen. ISSN 0805-3790.
• Wallevik, Hege (2011). Ulike blikk på mikrokreditt. Fædrelandsvennen. ISSN 0805-3790.
• Baker, Jonathan & Wallevik, Hege (2002). Small-scale urbanization as a major global process: Changing economic and gender relations among the Iraqw in the town of Mbulu, northern Tanzania. Vis sammendrag

  Specifically, the paper addresses a number of inter-related issues including the following: Mbulu can be considered as a 'node of economic and social opportunity' and despite its small size is an important central place providing a range of goods and services for a large surrounding rural hinterland, as well as its own population. The paper will discuss Mbulu's role as a dynamic centre and this will be illustrated by some case studies of female and male entrepreneurs. The town of Mbulu and surrounding villages are characterized by striking socio-economic differentiation. Despite the presence of a rural and urban elite, many urban and rural people are poor. The discussion will address the issue of how the poor survive and will include particularly female-headed households and those headed by the elderly. The town of Mbulu does not exist in an economic or spatial vacuum. Consequently, the discussion will also focus on the kinds of links and interaction that Mbulu has with three selected surrounding villages. Specifically, the issue of the migration to town of young unmarried village women is discussed, as well as the complex reasons behind this migration. Despite the apparent acceptance of the Catholic religion (evidence of an earlier period of globalization) on the part of many rural and urban Iraqw, the fact remains that below this veneer of imported dogma, traditional beliefs are strongly adhered to, and condition Iraqw economic and social behaviour. The discussion will address the issue of syncretism in the changing urban context of Mbulu, as well as sorcery as it relates to successin business.

• Wallevik, Hege & Wallevik, Hege (2013). The complexity of generalisation: a phenomenolgical approach to women and their economic affairs in Zanzibar Town. Norges miljø og biovitenskapelige universitet.
• Baker, Jonathan & Wallevik, Hege (2002). The Local Government Reform Process in Tanzania: Towards greater interdependency between local government and civil society at the local level? Agderforskning. ISSN 8276020763. Vis sammendrag

  This report deals with aspects of the relationship between local government and civil society in Tanzania. The report focuses on the ongoing local government reform process and presents a discussion of the reformed local government structure. The report addresses a number of issues regarding the link between the reforms and their implications for civil society. However, the central issue is whether the reforms enhance the development possibilities for civil society through a process of local democratisation.

• Tveiten, Oddgeir; Wallevik, Hege & Ugland, Kurt (1999). NGDO Managementy Development Training Project of Asian Institute of Technology. Agderforskning.

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