Trond Rafoss

• Liu, Yajie; Rafoss, Trond; Oliva Turbis, Luis F. & Blanco Gonzalez, Enrique (2024). Stakeholders' perception and willingness-to-pay for an aquaculture-based fisheries enhancement program for coastal cod in Southern Norway. Aquaculture. ISSN 0044-8486. 591, p. 1–10. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2024.741111.
• Engebretsen, Solveig; Aldrin, Magne Tommy; Lunde, Liss; Austad, Marthe; Rafoss, Trond & Danielsen, Ole Roald [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2024). Condition factor tailored to lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) used as cleaner fish in salmonid farms. Aquaculture. ISSN 0044-8486. doi: 10.1016/j.aqrep.2024.101996.
• Svendsen, Camilla; Amlund, Heidi; Carlsen, Monica Hauger; Eriksen, Gunnar Sundstøl; Husøy, Trine & Lillegaard, Inger Therese Laugsand [Show all 27 contributors for this article] (2022). Food and chemical substances relevant for monitoring - Scientific Opinion of the Scientific Steering Committee of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. VKM Report. ISSN 2535-4019. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  At request from the Norwegian Food Safety Authority (NFSA), VKM has identified food groups and food items consumed by the Norwegian population that are relevant for monitoring regarding content of one or more undesirable chemical substances (Figure 1). Undesirable chemical substances were defined as chemical substances in food that may constitute a potential health risk. VKM has created a knowledge base (an Excel file) as a tool for planning and prioritising monitoring of foods and undesirable chemical substances. The substance groups included in the knowledge base are flavourings, food additives, metals and metalloids, natural toxins, persistent organic pollutants, process-induced contaminants, substances in food contact materials, substances in food supplements, and trace elements. More than 40 different substances were included. Food items that are known contributors to exposure to an undesirable chemical substance were identified from quantitative and qualitative data, mainly from EFSA opinions and VKM risk assessments. Four national dietary surveys were used for identification of food items and food groups habitually eaten by the Norwegian population. The habitual diet was used to identify potential unknown sources of the substances. The information on known and unknown sources was compiled in a knowledge base comprised of 456 “undesirable chemical substance/food item” pairs that were identified to be relevant for monitoring. For each “undesirable chemical substance/food item” pair, the following information are included in the knowledge base: - Food category - Contribution to total exposure, including degree of contribution - Origin of occurrence data, and availability of Norwegian occurrence data - Remarks regarding sampling - Sources of the undesirable chemical substances in food - Risk (a combined score for hazard and exposure) Sampling of food is a complex area. Careful planning of the sampling strategy is needed and several parameters should be taken into consideration, depending on the properties of the chemical substance and the food item. Generic guidelines on sampling strategy, including sample number and frequency, have been provided in the report. Key words: VKM, health risk, monitoring, Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment, Norwegian Food Safety Authority, undesirable chemical substance.

• Engebretsen, Solveig; Aldrin, Magne Tommy; Qviller, Lars; Stige, Leif Christian; Rafoss, Trond & Danielsen, Ole Roald [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2022). Salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) in the stomach contents of lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) sampled from Norwegian fish farms: Relationship between lice grazing and operational conditions . Aquaculture. ISSN 0044-8486. 563(2). doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.738967. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Cleaner fish are commonly used as a control measure against salmon lice infestations in salmonid farms. Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) is the most common cleaner fish species used in Norwegian farms. However, little is known about how different operational, including environmental, conditions affect the salmon lice grazing efficacy by lumpfish. In this paper, we analyse salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) in the stomach contents of a large sample of more than 20,000 lumpfish from 80 different Norwegian farms. We investigate the proportion of lumpfish with salmon lice and the mean number of salmon lice in the stomach contents of the lumpfish. We further explore how the salmon lice contents vary with different factors like lumpfish weight, weight of salmonids, salmon lice abundance in the cage, cloud cover, and sea temperature. We find that 3.1% of the 24,693 lumpfish contained salmon lice. Most of the lumpfish with salmon lice in their stomach contents contained few (one or two) lice, while there were a few lumpfish which contained many salmon lice. We find more salmon lice in the stomach contents with increasing abundance of salmon lice in the sea cage, lower weight of the salmonids, and in clear weather. Interestingly, for the relationship between lumpfish weight and salmon lice in the stomach contents, we find increased salmon lice grazing from ca. 5 g up to an optimal weight of ca. 40 g, and then a decrease from 40 g. Surprisingly, we find no relationship between sea temperature and salmon lice per lumpfish. We find more salmon lice in the stomach contents of the lumpfish with comparatively high condition. By studying the factors associated with most efficient salmon lice grazing, our paper contributes to understanding how different operational factors affect salmon lice grazing by lumpfish. For controllable factors, the results thus contribute to guiding the best practice for use of lumpfish as a salmon lice control measure.

• Parolini, Marco; Panseri, Sara; Gaeta, Federico Håland; Rossi, Luciana; Dell’Anno, Matteo & Ceriani, Federica [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2022). Trends and potential human health risk of trace elements accumulated in transplanted blue mussels during restoration activities of Flekkefjord fjord (Southern Norway). Environmental Monitoring & Assessment. ISSN 0167-6369. 194. doi: 10.1007/s10661-022-09835-7. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The monitoring of contaminants represents a priority to preserve the integrity of marine ecosystems, as well as to plan and to manage restoration activities in order to protect environmental and human health. In the present study, a 6-months active biomonitoring was performed to explore the levels of eighteen trace and toxic elements, including heavy metals (TEs; i.e. Al, As, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Sr, Ti, and Zn), accumulated in soft tissues of blue mussel (Mytilus edulis Linnaeus, 1758) individuals transplanted at different depths (5- and 15-m depth) in five locations within the Flekkefjord fjord (Southern Norway). As this area suffered a long-lasting contamination due to both organic and inorganic contaminants, a series of restoration activities were activated to tackle and to prevent potential risks for ecosystem and local population. Our results demonstrated that the levels of TEs accumulated in edible tissues of transplanted mussels in the Flekkefjord fjord were generally low before the beginning of the restoration activities. However, location- and time-specific differences in the accumulation of TEs were noted after the implementation of such activities. Interestingly, the levels of Fe and Mn significantly increased after the beginning of the restoration activities, likely because the release of these TEs from the slag used in such operations and/or resuspension of contaminated sediments. However, assuming that native mussels can accumulate the same TEs at levels measured in transplanted individuals, our results suggest a substantial safety for human consumption of native mussels from the Flekkefjord fjord, regardless of restoration activities.

• Alsanius, Beatrix; Magnusson, Christer; Nicolaisen, Mogens; Wright, Sandra A.I.; Wendell, Per Hans Micael & Krokene, Paal [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2021). Assessment of treatment methods and validation criteria for composting and biogas facilities in relation to plant health risks and the risk of spreading alien organisms. VKM Report. ISSN 2535-4019. 2021(19). Show summary

  Key words: VKM, risk assessment, Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment, Norwegian Food Safety Authority, Norwegian Environment Agency, Biowaste, Compost, Plant health, organic waste, Phytosanitary safety, Biogas, Alien organisms Introduction The Norwegian Food Safety Authority (NFSA) and the Norwegian Environment Agency (NEA) have jointly asked the Norwegian Scientific Committee for food and environment for an assessment into treatment methods and validation methods for compost and digestate based on organic waste in relation to plant health and the spread of harmful alien organisms in Norway.  The Norwegian Food Safety Authority will use the report in its supervisory work over companies that produce compost and digestate. The assessment will also provide important input for the regulatory development of several current regulations including regulations on indicator organisms that are used to validate new methods and ensure adequate security with regards to the survival of plant pests. The Norwegian Environment Agency wants to establish whether the methods used in the composting of garden waste and other types of plant waste today are able to ensure that the finished product does not become a source for the spread of harmful alien organisms. This will form the basis for the Norwegian Environment Agency’s guidelines relating to the precautionary provisions in the regulation on alien organisms. This request is limited to an assessment of plant pests and harmful alien organisms (hereinafter alien organisms). The survival of infectious diseases harmful to people and animals is considered in separate assessments. Methods We have conducted initiating workshops for identifying relevant fundamental processes and parameters, of relevant organisms and of relevant search terms for the literature surveys, as well as for discussion and validation. Visits to composting facilities and contact with stakeholders in Norway were also conducted. This information was further implemented in an extensive literature search. This assessment include/encompass organic waste and other materials that are currently treated in biogas and composting facilities, including garden and park waste (incl. soil), plant waste from garden centres, etc., food waste and waste from the food and animal feed industry (including grain/seed husks and waste from enterprises which package and process potatoes and vegetables), manure, bulking agents used in composting facilities, and husks from contracted grain/seed cleaners for sowing. We have used a quantitative risk assessment. The level of confidence in the risk assessment is described, and uncertainties and data gaps identified. Furthermore, we have used re-submission commenting and external expert reviewing before final approval and publication. ...........

• Krokene, Paal; Hatteland, Bjørn Arild; Magnusson, Christer; Flø, Daniel; Thomsen, Iben Margrete & Stenberg, Johan A. [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2021). Pest risk categorization – New plant health regulations for Norway. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. VKM Report. ISSN 2535-4019. 2021(09), p. 1–688.
• Stenberg, Johan A.; Melby, Kjetil K.; Magnusson, Christer; Nielsen, Anders; Rydning, Julie & Wendell, Micael [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2021). Risk assessment of the biocontrol product Nemaslug 2.0 with the active organisms Phasmarhabditis californica (strain P19D) and Moraxella osloensis. VKM Report. ISSN 2535-4019. 2021(16), p. 1–37. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Key words: VKM, risk assessment, Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment, Norwegian Food Safety Authority, biological control, Nematodes, Phasmarhabditis californica, Moraxella osloensis. Parasitic nematodes and associated bacteria are increasingly being used for biocontrol of molluscs. Functionally, it is the bacteria that kill and thus control the targeted pests, but the function of the bacteria is dependent on the nematodes, which should be regarded as vectors of biocontrol. Although the nematodes and the bacteria have a symbiotic relationship within such biocontrol formulations, it should be noted that they are not dependent on each other in the wild, but can establish separate populations which can be free-living or hosted by other organisms. The biocontrol product Nemaslug 2.0 contains the nematode Phasmarhabditis californica (strain P19D) and the bacterial symbiont Moraxella osloensis (unknown strain). The nematode was first described in 2016 and has never been reported in Norway. The lack of reports suggests that it is absent from Norway, but this conclusion comes with a high degree of uncertainty since there have been limited search efforts. The climatic thresholds of the nematode are not known, but its current distribution, spanning widely varying climates, suggests that it could survive and establish in Norway. Natural spread from currently known areas of establishment to natural habitats in Norway is ruled out due to the nematode’s limited dispersal capacity. However, human-assisted spread (e.g. via the use of biocontrol products) and establishment would be likely if Nemaslug 2.0 is allowed for use in open fields in Norway. Use of Nemaslug 2.0 in greenhouses and other enclosed areas is not likely to facilitate spread to natural habitats in Norway provided that residues are properly handled. However, deposition of product residues from greenhouses to outdoor areas may result in local establishment of the nematode in the vicinity of the deposition. Phasmarhabditis californica has a broad host range and may parasitize both rare/endangered and common mollusc species. However, there is no scientific evidence suggesting that the nematode can affect natural populations of molluscs in wild habitats, or otherwise have negative effects on biodiversity. The nematodes’ association with the bacteria Moraxella osloensis is most likely lost, or at least weakened, in natural habitats, suggesting that the nematode becomes less capable of killing its hosts in the wild. Phasmarhabditis californica is not capable of harming or infecting humans. The bacterial species Moraxella osloensis is already present in Norway in a few locations and at a low abundance, and it may be native to Norway. Little is known regarding its distribution in natural environments, but the literature shows that it can infect humans and other mammals. In humans with immunodeficiency or other comorbidities, M. osloensis can cause meningitis, vaginitis, sinusitis, bacteremia, endocarditis, and septic arthritis. The risk of infection in people handling Nemaslug 2.0 can probably be substantially reduced by protective clothing and appropriate handling. We are not aware of any reported health issues arising from use of the previous version of Nemaslug, which also contains M. osloensis. Different strains of M. osloensis are known to vary in their sensitivity to antibiotics, and likely in other traits too. Thus, the lack of information provided about the strain identity and specific characteristics of the strain used in Nemaslug 2.0 generates a high degree of uncertainty regarding its pathogenicity, climate tolerance, sensitivity to antibiotics etc.

• Bodin, Johanna Eva; Thorstensen, Tage; Alsheikh, Muath K; Basic, Dean; Edvardsen, Rolf Brudvik & Dalen, Knut Tomas [Show all 41 contributors for this article] (2021). Genome editing in food and feed production – implications for risk assessment. Scientific Opinion of the Scientific Steering Committee of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. VKM Report. ISSN 2535-4019. 2021(18). Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM) initiated this work to examine the extent to which organisms developed by genome-editing technologies pose new challenges in terms of risk assessment. This report considers whether the risk assessment guidance on genetically modified organisms, developed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), can be applied to evaluate potential risks of organisms developed by genome editing. Background Gene technology has allowed for the transfer of genes between organisms and species, and thereby to design altered genotypes with novel traits, i.e. GMOs. A new paradigm started in the early 2000s with the development of genome-editing techniques. Unlike traditional genetic modification techniques resulting in insertion of foreign DNA fragments at random locations in the genome, the new genome-editing techniques additionally open for a few single nucleotide edits or short insertions/deletions at a targeted site in an organism’s genome. These new techniques can be applied to most types of organisms, including plants, animals and microorganisms of commercial interest. An important question is how the novel, genome-edited organisms should be evaluated with respect to risks to health and the environment. The European Court of Justice decided in 2018 to include genome-edited organisms in the GMO definition and hence in the regulatory system already in place. This implies that all products developed by genome-editing techniques must be risk-assessed within the existing regulatory framework for GMOs. The European and Norwegian regulatory frameworks regulate the production, import and placing on the market of food and feed containing, consisting of or produced from GMOs, as well as the release of GMOs into the environment. The assessment draws on guidance documents originally developed by EFSA for risk assessment of GMOs, which were drawn up mainly to address risks regarding insertion of transgenes. The new genome-editing techniques, however, provide a new continuum of organisms ranging from those only containing a minor genetic alteration to organisms containing insertion or deletion of larger genomic regions. Risk assessment of organisms developed by genome editing The present discourse on how new genome-editing techniques should be regulated lacks an analysis of whether risk assessment methodologies for GMOs are adequate for risk assessment of organisms developed through the use of the new genome-editing techniques. Therefore, this report describes the use of genome-editing techniques in food and feed production and discusses challenges in risk assessment with the regulatory framework. Specifically, this report poses the question as to whether the EFSA guidance documents are sufficient for evaluating risks to health and environment posed by genome-edited plants, animals and microorganisms. To address these questions, the report makes use of case examples relevant for Norway. These examples, intended for food and feed, include oilseed rape with a modified fatty acid profile, herbicide-tolerant and pest-resistant crops, sterile salmon, virus-resistant pigs and hornless cattle. The report considers all aspects of the stepwise approach as described in the EFSA guidance documents. Conclusions The inherent flexibility of the EFSA guidance makes it suitable to cover health and environmental risk assessments of a wide range of organisms with various traits and intended uses. Combined with the embedded case-by-case approach the guidance is applicable to genome-edited organisms. The evaluation of the guidance demonstrates that the parts of the health and environmental risk assessment concerned with novel traits (i.e. the phenotype of the organism) may be fully applied to all categories of genome-edited organisms. ............

• Drenkhan, Rein; Ganley, Beccy; Martín-García, Jorge; Vahalík, Petr; Adamson, Kalev & Adamčíková, Katarína [Show all 59 contributors for this article] (2020). Global geographic distribution and host range of Fusarium circinatum, the causal agent of pine pitch canker. Forests. ISSN 1999-4907. 11(7), p. 1–40. doi: 10.3390/F11070724. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Fusarium circinatum, the causal agent of pine pitch canker (PPC), is currently one of the most important threats of Pinus spp. globally. This pathogen is known in many pine-growing regions, including natural and planted forests, and can affect all life stages of trees, from emerging seedlings to mature trees. Despite the importance of PPC, the global distribution of F. circinatum is poorly documented, and this problem is also true of the hosts within countries that are affected. The aim of this study was to review the global distribution of F. circinatum, with a particular focus on Europe. We considered (1) the current and historical pathogen records, both positive and negative, based on confirmed reports from Europe and globally; (2) the genetic diversity and population structure of the pathogen; (3) the current distribution of PPC in Europe, comparing published models of predicted disease distribution; and (4) host susceptibility by reviewing literature and generating a comprehensive list of known hosts for the fungus. These data were collated from 41 countries and used to compile a specially constructed geo-database. A review of 6297 observation records showed that F. circinatum and the symptoms it causes on conifers occurred in 14 countries, including four in Europe, and is absent in 28 countries. Field observations and experimental data from 138 host species revealed 106 susceptible host species including 85 Pinus species, 6 non-pine tree species and 15 grass and herb species. Our data confirm that susceptibility to F. circinatum varies between different host species, tree ages and environmental characteristics. Knowledge on the geographic distribution, host range and the relative susceptibility of different hosts is essential for disease management, mitigation and containment strategies. The findings reported in this review will support countries that are currently free of F. circinatum in implementing effective procedures and restrictions and prevent further spread of the pathogen.

• Flø, Daniel; Rafoss, Trond; Wendell, Per Hans Micael & Sundheim, Leif (2020). The Siberian moth (Dendrolimus sibiricus), a pest risk assessment for Norway. Forest Ecosystems. ISSN 2197-5620. 7, p. 1–11. doi: 10.1186/s40663-020-00258-9. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background The Siberian moth (Dendrolimus sibiricus) is a serious pest of conifers in Russia, Northern Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China. The western border of the pest’s distribution in Russia is disputed, but it is present west of the 60th meridian east. The pest has the potential to defoliate a wide range of conifers. Results The pest is not present in Norway or other European countries, except Russia. Natural spread and human mediated transport are potential pathways for the pest. Human mediated pathways considered are: Living trees for planting, coniferous wood in the rough and foliage and branches. There has been no import of living trees from Russia to Norway during the past 30 years, and there is currently no import of coniferous wood commodities containing bark from areas, where D. sibiricus occurs. Conclusions The probability of D. sibiricus entry by natural spread is unlikely, mainly because of the geographical distance and the partial sea barriers between Norway and the infested areas. The probability of entry by human mediated pathways is unlikely due to the very limited volume of the import. Should the pest enter Norway, the probability of establishment and spread is unlikely, due to the suboptimal climatic conditions, and the fact that the two dominant conifers in the country, Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), are intermediate and poor hosts, respectively. The potential damage, should D. sibiricus enter Norway, is considered low. Keywords: Lepidoptera, Invasive species, Geographical distribution, Forest pest

• Stenberg, Johan A.; Nielsen, Anders; Wendell, Per Hans Micael; Alsanius, Beatrix; Krokene, Paal & Magnusson, Christer [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2020). Risk assessment of the biological control product ANDERcontrol with the organism Amblyseius andersoni. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. VKM Report. ISSN 2535-4019. 2020(4), p. 1–27. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  ANDERcontrol with the predatory mite Amblyseius andersoni as the active organism is sought to be used as a biological control agent in Norway. ANDERcontrol is intended for use against different mites (such as the two-spotted, fruit-tree, and red spider mite, russet mite,cyclamen mite) and in horticultural crops such as fruits, berries, vegetables, and ornamental. VKM’s conclusions are as follows Prevalence, especially if the organism is found naturally in Norway: Amblyseius andersoni has not been observed in Norway. It has been observed, in low numbers, in southern Sweden and has the capability to enter diapause under unfavourable conditions which suggests the potential for establishing under Norwegian conditions. It is however, the view of VKM that it likely lacks the ability to survive and establish in areas with cold winters and chilly summers, as found in most parts of Norway under current climatic conditions. The potential of the organism for establishment and spread under Norwegian conditions specified for use in greenhouses and open field: The thermal preference of A. andersoni restricts its establishment, and the species has not been observed in Norway. The species is capable of entering diapause, but the lack of records, despite targeted surveys, makes it the opinion of VKM that it is unlikely that A. andersoni will be able to establish in outdoor areas in Norway. However, the lack of information on temperature tolerance of the species constitute an uncertainty factor. The risk of spread from greenhouses is low because no wind or vector are likely to carry the mites from the greenhouse to suitable outdoor habitats, and mite populations in greenhouses do not enter the more cold-tolerant diapause. All conclusions are uncertain due to lack of relevant information regarding the species’ climate tolerance. Any ambiguities regarding the taxonomy, which hampers risk assessment: There are no taxonomic challenges related to the assessment of A. andersoni. Assessment of the product and the organism with regard to possible health risk: VKM is unaware of reports where harm to humans by A. andersoni itself, or associated pathogenic organisms have been observed. Mites may however produce allergic reactions in sensitive individuals handling plant material with high numbers of individuals. There is reason to believe that this holds true also for A. andersoni. Key words: VKM, risk assessment, Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment, Norwegian Food Safety Authority, biological control, predatory mite

• Thomsen, Iben M.; Kauserud, Håvard; Krokene, Paal; Nicolaisen, Mogens; Wendell, Per Hans Micael & Alsanius, Beatrix [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2020). Risk assessment of six commercial mycorrhizal products. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. VKM Report. ISSN 2535-4019. 2020(9), p. 1–55. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Key words: VKM, risk assessment, Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment, Norwegian Environment Agency, mycorrhiza. Mycorrhiza is a beneficial association between plant roots and fungi. This mutualistic symbiosis is essential for plant growth in most natural terrestrial ecosystems and in agriculture. Commercial mycorrhizal products containing fungi and bacteria may promote plant growth, especially on sites without a natural microbial community. Due to the risk of unintended negative effects, introduction of new species or genetically different isolates of native species should always be considered carefully. This report assesses the risk of establishment and spread of six fungal species and six bacterial species included in different commercial mycorrhizal products, as well as the species’ potential impact on Norwegian biodiversity. Most of the evaluated fungi and bacteria are probably present in Norway, even though presence at present data only exist for two of the six fungal species. Establishment of the assessed fungi on the plants and sites where they are applied is considered moderately likely, with medium uncertainty, while establishment of the bacterial species is considered to range from very unlikely to very likely depending on the bacterial group, with low uncertainty. The probability of spread to the wider environment ranges from unlikely (four fungal species), to moderately likely (two fungal species), to very likely (five of the six bacterial species). However, for all species it is considered unlikely that establishment and spread would have negative effects on other native species, habitats and ecosystems in Norway.

• Nielsen, Anders; Stenberg, Johan A.; Wendell, Per Hans Micael; Alsanius, Beatrix; Krokene, Paal & Magnusson, Christer [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2020). Risk assessment of the biological control product Limonica with the organism Amblydromalus limonicus Garman and McGregor. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. VKM Report. ISSN 2535-4019. 2020(13), p. 1–25. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The product Limonica, with the predatory mite Amblydromalus limonicus as the active organism, is sought to be used as a biological control agent in Norway. Limonica is intended for use against western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentallis), other thrips (e.g. Thrips tabaci), spider mites and whiteflies (e.g. Trialeurodes, Aleyrodes and Bemisia spp.) in protected horticultural crops such as cucumber, sweet pepper, strawberry and ornamentals. The product is not recommended for greenhouse-grown tomatoes. VKM’s conclusions are as follows Distribution, especially if the organism is found naturally in Norway Amblydromalus limonicus has a very wide natural distribution, being reported from New Zealand, Australia South America, Central America, and North America as well as Hawaii. It has also recently established populations in crop productions and non-crop vegetation in Catalonia, North Eastern Spain. Amblydromalus limonicus have not been observed in Norway. The species seems not to have the capability to enter diapause under unfavourable conditions and it is the view of VKM that it likely lacks the ability to survive and establish in areas with cold winters and chilly summers, as found in most parts of Norway under current climatic conditions. The potential of the organism for establishment and spread under Norwegian conditions specified for use in greenhouses and open field The thermal preference of A. limonicus restricts its establishment, and the species has not been observed outdoors in Norway. As the species is incapable of entering diapause it is the opinion of VKM that it is unlikely that A. limonicus will be able to establish in outdoor areas in Norway. However, the lack of detailed information on temperature tolerance of the species constitutes an uncertainty factor. The risk of spread from greenhouses is low because no wind or vector are likely to carry the mites from the greenhouse to suitable outdoor habitats. However, mites that have escaped from a greenhouses to may spread in the nature. All conclusions are uncertain due to lack of relevant information regarding the species’ climate tolerance. Its origin and current distribution suggest that it cannot survive cold winters. Any ambiguities regarding taxonomy that hamper risk assessment There are no taxonomic challenges related to the assessment of A. limonicus. Assessment of the product and the organism with regard to possible health risks VKM Report 2020: 13 8 VKM is unaware of reports where harm to humans has been observed, whether by A. limonicus itself. Mites may, however, produce allergic reactions in sensitive individuals handling plant material with high numbers of individuals. There is reason to believe that this holds true also for A. limonicus. Key words: VKM, risk assessment, Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment, Norwegian Food Safety Authority, biological control, predatory mite

• Stenberg, Johan A.; Nielsen, Anders; Wendell, Per Hans Micael; Alsanius, Beatrix; Krokene, Paal & Magnusson, Christer [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2020). Risk assessment of the biological control product Atheta-System with the organism Atheta coriaria Kraatz. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. VKM Report. ISSN 2535-4019. 2020(12), p. 1–28. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Atheta-System with the rove beetle Atheta coriaria (Kraatz 1856) as the active organism is sought to be used as a biocontrol agent for augmentation biological control in Norway. Atheta-System is intended for use against soil dwelling stages of fungus gnats (e.g. Bradysia paupera), shore flies (Scatella stagnalis), and thrips (e.g. Frankliniella occidentallis) in greenhouses, plastic tunnels, and other closed or controlled climate cultivations of horticultural crops, incl. soft-fruit crops, vegetables, ornamentals, and kitchen herbs. VKM’s conclusions are as follows Distribution, especially if the organism is found naturally in Norway Atheta coriaria is established (naturalized) in Norway since 1919 and has been reported numerous times from Agder in the South to Trøndelag in mid-Norway. The potential of the organism for establishment and spread under Norwegian conditions specified for use in greenhouses and open field The thermal thresholds of A. coriaria are not well-studied, but its current distribution in Southern and mid-Scandinavia shows that it tolerates relatively low winter temperatures, and that the Norwegian summer climate allows for successful reproduction. A. coriaria overwinters in the soil, which provides a relatively sheltered environment. Adults disperse rapidly by flying. All life stages can be vectored by humans – mainly by movement of soil and compost material. Thus, further spread northwards in Norway is predicted irrespective of additional introductions. It is unknown if it can enter diapause under greenhouse conditions. Any ambiguities regarding the taxonomy which hamper risk assessment There are no major taxonomic challenges related to the assessment of A. coriaria. Assessment of the product and the organism with regard to possible health risk VKM is unaware of reports of harm inflicted to humans by A. coriaria itself. Atheta-System comes with the cosmopolitan cheese mite (Tyrophagus putrescentiae), serving as food for A. coriaria. As with most mites, T. putrescentiae may induce allergic reactions in sensitive persons handling the product. Key words: VKM, risk assessment, Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment, Norwegian Food Safety Authority, biological control, rove beetle

• Halvorsen, Kim Aleksander Tallaksen; Sørdalen, Tonje Knutsen; Larsen, Torkel; Browman, Howard; Rafoss, Trond & Albretsen, Jon [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2020). Mind the depth: The vertical dimension of a small-scale coastal fishery shapes selection on species, size, and sex in wrasses. Marine and Coastal Fisheries. ISSN 1942-5120. 12(6), p. 404–422. doi: 10.1002/mcf2.10131. Full text in Research Archive
• Rafoss, Trond & Nagothu, Sekhar (2020). Sustainable biomass production from oceans and the potential for circular bioeconomy. In Nagothu, Sekhar (Eds.), The Bioeconomy Approach. Constraints and Opportunities for Sustainable Development. Routledge. ISSN 9780367335717. p. 24–44. Show summary

  This chapter focuses on ocean-land interactions and the potential for bioeconomy that offers unique opportunities to feed the increasing human population. Oceans can provide a circular bioeconomy by using increased CO2, and dissolved nutrients (P, N, Fe and other elements) in the water, leached from land-based activities. Estimates show that CO2 capture by seaweed cultivation alone can range from 1,500 to 3,000 tons per square kilometre. Ocean photosynthetic production provides more food and energy for human consumption without external inputs. This will contribute to sustainable development by providing food security and will aid the recovery of degraded ecosystems, thus directly contributing to the SDG 2 (reducing hunger) and SDG 14 (protecting life below water). Nevertheless, increasing food production from the oceans has its associated risks if the proper conditions are not met. Hence, proper coastal land use management is important as it continuously affects the nutrient flows, which in turn can lead to more serious changes in carbonate chemistry and ocean acidification. Genuine and stable partnerships, therefore, are necessary to share responsibility for environmental stewardship and to manage marine and coastal ecosystems sustainably. The chapter suggests the need for financial incentives to encourage research and innovations, support farmers associations and establish common platforms to share data and knowledge on oceans for better environmental management.

• Parolini, Marco; Panseri, Sara; Gaeta, Federico Håland; Ceriani, Federica; De Beatrice, Felice & Nobile, Maria [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2020). Incidence of persistent contaminants through blue mussels biomonitoring from Flekkefjord fjord and their relevance to food safety. Food Additives & Contaminants. ISSN 1944-0049. 37(5), p. 831–844. doi: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1730986. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Dredging activities can lead to the re-suspension of contaminated sediments, resulting in a potential hazard for the whole ecosystem and also for human health. Six-month active biomonitoring was performed in order to monitor the trends of different classes of both legacy (organochlorine – OCPs – and organophosphate (OPs) compounds and polychlorinated biphenyls – PCBs) and emerging (polybromodiphenyl ethers – PBDE – and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances – PFASs) organohalogen compounds, as well as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), in blue mussel (Mytilus edulis spp.) specimens transplanted at different depths in the Flekkefjord fjord. Such biomonitoring was performed to evaluate the efficacy of sediment restoration activities and to check for the potential environmental risk for the biota and food safety for human seafood. Negligible contamination by OCPs, OPs, PBDEs and PFASs was noted in mussels over the 6-month biomonitoring, while a notable increase in the concentrations of PCBs and PAHs occurred in mussels transplanted at 15 m depth in three sampling sites within the fjord, as a consequence of an undersea landslide which occurred during restoration activities. Levels of PCBs and PAHs suggested a potential risk for mussel predators and also for the human health, as they exceeded the limit set by the European Commission for the consumption of bivalve molluscs. These results confirm the reliability of active biomonitoring to flank dredging activities aimed at ecosystem restoration in order to monitor the trend of contaminants and to estimate the potential risk for the aquatic communities and human health.

• Parolini, Marco; Panseri, Sara; Gaeta, Federico Håland; Ceriani, Federica; De Felice, Beatrice & Nobile, Maria [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2020). Legacy and Emerging Contaminants in Demersal Fish Species from Southern Norway and Implications for Food Safety . Foods. ISSN 2304-8158. 9(8). doi: 10.3390/foods9081108. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The present study aimed at measuring the levels of legacy and emerging contaminants in fillet samples from four demersal fish caught in two fishing sites from Southern Norway, in order to assess possible implications for food safety. Levels of organochlorine compounds (OCs), organophosphate pesticides (OPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDE), per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured in fillet from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), European plaice (Pleuronectes platessa), lemon sole (Microstomus kitt), and European flounder (Platichthys flesus) specimens. A negligible contamination by all the investigated chemicals was noted in both the fishing sites, as very low levels of OCs, PCBs, and PFASs were noted in a limited number of individuals for each species. Considering the levels of contaminants measured in fillets of the four demersal fish species, negligible risk for human health for Norwegian consumers can be supposed.

• Tørresen, Kirsten; Fykse, Haldor; Rafoss, Trond & Gerowitt, Bärbel (2019). Autumn growth of three perennial weeds at high latitude benefits from climate change. Global Change Biology. ISSN 1354-1013. 26(4), p. 2561–2572. doi: 10.1111/gcb.14976. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In autumn, agricultural perennial weeds prepare for winter and can store reserves into creeping roots or rhizomes. Little is known about influence of climate change in this period. We tested the effect of simulated climate change in autumn on three widespread and noxious perennial weeds, Elymus repens (L.) Gould, Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. and Sonchus arvensis L. We divided and combined simulated climate change components into elevated CO2 concentration (525 ppm), elevated temperatures (+2–2.5°C), treatments in open‐top chambers. In addition, a control in the open‐top chamber without any increase in CO2 and temperature, and a field control outside the chambers were included. Two geographically different origins and three pre‐growth periods prior to the exposure to climate change factors were included for each species. All species increased leaf area under elevated temperature, close to doubling in E. repens and quadrupling in the dicot species. E. repens kept leaves green later in autumn. C. arvense did not benefit in below‐ground growth from more leaf area or leaf dry mass. S. arvensis had low levels of leaf area throughout the experiment and withered earlier than the two other species. Below‐ground plant parts of S. arvensis were significantly increased by elevated temperature. Except for root:shoot ratio of C. arvense, the effects of pure elevated CO2 were not significant for any variables compared to the open‐top chamber control. There was an additive, but no synergistic, effect of enhanced temperature and CO2. The length of pre‐growth period was highly important for autumn plant growth, while origin had minor effect. We conclude that the small transfer of enhanced above‐ground growth into below‐ground growth under climate change in autumn does not favour creeping perennial plants per se, but more leaf area may offer more plant biomass to be tackled by chemical or physical weed control.

• Sandvik, Hanno; Hilmo, Olga; Finstad, Anders Gravbrøt; Hegre, Hanne; Moen, Toril Loennechen & Rafoss, Trond [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2019). Generic ecological impact assessment of alien species (GEIAA): the third generation of assessments in Norway. Biological Invasions. ISSN 1387-3547. 21(9), p. 2803–2810. doi: 10.1007/s10530-019-02033-6. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Generic Ecological Impact Assessment of Alien Species (GEIAA) is described. It comprises a set of criteria and an assessment procedure. The set of criteria consists of three criteria that quantify invasion potential, and six criteria that capture the ecological effects of alien species. The threshold values for all criteria are numerically defined, rendering the set of criteria fully quantitative. Genericity is ensured by using criteria that are applicable to all taxonomic groups and in all habitats. In being generic, quantitative, ecological and normatively neutral, the criteria were inspired by the international Red List criteria. Capturing both invasion potential and effect, GEIAA can be regarded as a full ecological impact assessment. The assessment procedure contains guidelines on documentation, the collection of background information, the handling of uncertainty, and quality assurance. GEIAA represents the second revision, and thus the third generation, of assessment methodology in Norway. It has recently been used to carry out more than 2500 impact assessments of alien species in Norway and Sweden.

• Sletten, Arild; Talgø, Venche; Rafoss, Trond & Melbøe, Nils S. (2017). Fire blight in Norway: A review of strategies and control measures from 1986 to 2016. Journal of plant pathology. ISSN 1125-4653. 99, p. 137–139. doi: 10.4454/jpp.v99i0.3921. Show summary

  Fire blight, caused by Erwinia amylovora, was detected for the first time in Norway in 1986. It was a limited outbreak on the south-western coast, only on ornamentals, and particularly on Cotoneaster spp. An action group handling the eradication and containment of the disease was quickly established. Comprehensive statutory powers and resources were given by the government to do surveys and eradicate diseased or symptomless but highly susceptible plant species from contaminated areas. These activities have likely restricted fire blight to the western and southern coastal areas. Eastern and northern parts of Norway are considered free from fire blight. The disease has not been observed in important fruit-growing areas. Uncontrolled movement of beehives from areas with fire blight to areas free from the disease has contributed to its introduction to new areas. From 1969 to 2016 import of most host plants of E. amylovora from countries with fire blight was prohibited. A yearly program for annual surveys in parts of the country with commercial fruit-growing and nurseries, using digital maps on internet connected tablets with GPS and software for in situ registrations, proved to be an efficient method for discovering new outbreaks at an early stage, and to start eradication and thus limit further spread.

• Gilioli, G.; Schrader, G.; Gregoire, J.-C.; MacLeod, A.; Mosbach-Schulz, O. & Rafoss, Trond [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2017). The EFSA quantitative approach to pest risk assessment – methodological aspects and case studies. EPPO Bulletin. ISSN 0250-8052. 47(2), p. 213–219. doi: 10.1111/epp.12377. Show summary

  A new method for pest risk assessment and the identification and evaluation of risk-reducing options is currently under development by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Plant Health Panel. The draft method has been tested on pests of concern to the European Union (EU). The method is adaptable and can focus either on all the steps and sub-steps of the assessment process or on specific parts if necessary. It is based on assessing changes in pest population abundance as the major driver of the impact on cultivated plants and on the environment. Like other pest risk assessment systems the method asks questions about the likelihood and magnitude of factors that contribute to risk. Responses can be based on data or expert judgment. Crucially, the approach is quantitative, and it captures uncertainty through the provision by risk assessors of quantile estimates of the probability distributions for the assessed variables and parameters. The assessment is based on comparisons between different scenarios, and the method integrates risk-reducing options where they apply to a scenario, for example current regulation against a scenario where risk-reducing options are not applied. A strategy has been developed to communicate the results of the risk assessment in a clear, comparable and transparent way, with the aim of providing the requestor of the risk assessment with a useful answer to the question(s) posed to the EFSA Plant Health Panel. The method has been applied to four case studies, two fungi, Ceratocystis platani and Cryphonectria parasitica, the nematode Ditylenchus destructor and the Grapevine flavescence dorée phytoplasma. Selected results from these case studies illustrate the types of output that the method can deliver.

• Sundheim, Leif & Rafoss, Trond (2015). Fumonisin in maize in relation to climate change. In Botana, Luis M & Sainz, Maria J. (Ed.), Climate Change and Mycotoxins. Walter de Gruyter (De Gruyter). ISSN 978-3-11-033305-3. p. 109–132. doi: 10.1515/9783110333619-008.
• Skog, Tor-Einar; Nordskog, Berit; Eikemo, Håvard; Hole, Halvard; Schjøll, Annette & Netland, Jan [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2014). VIPS - An open source technology platform for implementation of IPM tools, aimed at international collaboration and local adaptations. In Tanovic, Brankica; Glavendekic, Milka & Nicot, Philippe (Ed.), VII Congress on plant protection. "Integrated Plant Protection. Knowledge-based Step Towards Sustainable Agriculture, Forestry and Landscape Architecture." 24-28 November 2014, Zlatibor, Serbia Book of Abstracts . Plant Protection Society of Serbia. ISSN 978-86-83017-25-6. p. 66–66.
• Makowski, D.; Vicent, A.; Pautasso, M.; Stancanelli, G. & Rafoss, Trond (2014). Comparison of statistical models in a meta-analysis of fungicide treatments for the control of citrus black spot caused by Phyllosticta citricarpa. European journal of plant pathology. ISSN 0929-1873. 139(1), p. 79–94. doi: 10.1007/s10658-013-0365-6.
• Nordskog, Berit; Skog, Tor-Einar; Eikemo, Håvard; Hole, Halvard; Schjøll, Annette & Brodal, Guro [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2014). VIPS - a collaboration platform for integrated pest and disease management (IPM) in agriculture. In Fløistad, Erling & Günther, Morten (Ed.), Bioforsk-konferansen 2014. Sammendrag og presentasjoner. Bioforsk. ISSN 978-82-17-01209-2. p. 148–148.
• Sundheim, Leif; Brodal, Guro; Hofgaard, Ingerd & Rafoss, Trond (2013). Temporal Variation of Mycotoxin Producing Fungi in Norwegian Cereals. Microorganisms. ISSN 2076-2607. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms1010188.
• Bernhoft, Aksel; Eriksen, Gunnar Sundstøl; Sundheim, Leif; Brantsæter, Anne Lise; Fæste, Christiane Kruse & Rafoss, Trond [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2013). Risikovurdering - mykotoksiner i korn. In Fløistad, Erling & Günther, Morten (Ed.), Bioforsk-konferansen 2013. Sammendrag og presentasjoner. Bioforsk. ISSN 978-82-17-00998-6. p. 125–126. Show summary

  Denne boka inneholder sammendrag av 118 av de 134 foredragene som blir holdt under konferansen pluss 30 av 39 vitenskapelige plakater som presenteres.

• Rafoss, Trond; Skahjem, Jarle; Johansen, John Atle; Johannessen, Ståle; Nagothu, Sekhar & Fløistad, Inger [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2013). Improving pest risk assessment and management through the aid of geospatial information technology standards. NeoBiota. ISSN 1619-0033. doi: 10.3897/neobiota.18.4017.
• Kriticos, Darren J.; Venette, Robert C.; Baker, Richard H.A.; Brunel, Sarah; Koch, Frank H. & Rafoss, Trond [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2013). Invasive alien species in the Food Chain: Advancing risk assessment models to adress climate change, economics and uncertainty. NeoBiota. ISSN 1619-0033. 18, p. 1–7. doi: 10.3897/neobiota.18.6108.
• Bergseng, Even; Økland, Bjørn; Gobakken, Terje; Magnusson, Christer; Rafoss, Trond & Solberg, Birger (2012). Combining ecological and economic modelling in analysing a pest invasion contingency plan – The case of pine wood nematode in Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research. ISSN 0282-7581. 27(4), p. 337–349. doi: 10.1080/02827581.2011.637509.
• Fløistad, Inger & Rafoss, Trond (2012). Uønska plantearter i spredning - hva kan vi gjøre? In Fløistad, Erling & Günther, Morten (Ed.), Bioforsk-konferansen 2012. Sammendrag og presentasjoner. Bioforsk. ISSN 978-82-17-00877-4. p. 168–170. Show summary

  Denne boka inneholder sammendrag av 78 av de 105 foredragene som blir holdt under konferansen pluss 43 av 52 vitenskapelige plakater som presenteres.

• Sundheim, Leif; Rafoss, Trond & Sletten, Arild (2011). Risikovurdering av mørk ringråte ved import av matpoteter fra Nederland. In Fløistad, Erling & Munthe, Kari (Ed.), Bioforsk-konferansen 2011. Bioforsk. ISSN 978-82-17-00745-6.
• Berge, Therese W.; Ficke, Andrea; Netland, Jan; Klingen, Ingeborg & Rafoss, Trond (2011). Plantevern i et "varmere, våtere og villere" Norge - forskningen må starte nå. In Fløistad, Erling & Munthe, Kari (Ed.), Bioforsk-konferansen 2011. Bioforsk. ISSN 978-82-17-00745-6. Show summary

  Potensiell avlingsreduksjon pga ugras, skadedyr og plantesykdommer ligger på hhv 34%, 18% og 16%. En så stor potensiell tapspost krever godt plantevern. Hvilke skadegjørere vi vil få et økt problem med og hvilke som vil bli redusert pga endret klima, er det viktig å få en oversikt over slik at tilpassede planteverntiltak kan utvikles. Klimatilpasningskompetansen til rådgiving og bønder må bygges opp gradvis. Forskningen må starte nå.

• Rafoss, Trond; Sælid, Knut; Sletten, Arild; Gyland, Lars Fredrik & Engravslia, Liv (2010). Open geospatial technology standards and their potential in plant pest risk management-GPS-enabled mobile phones utilising open geospatial technology standards Web Feature Service Transactions support the fighting of fire blight in Norway. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. ISSN 0168-1699. 74(2), p. 336–340. doi: 10.1016/j.compag.2010.08.006. Show summary

  The threat posed by invasive alien species to global crop production and biodiversity is recognized as one of the major drivers of global change today. Here we report on a successful implementation and operational use of new technology to support risk- and crisis management in the case of fighting an invasive plant disease. The open geospatial standards Web Feature Service Transaction (WFS-T) was implemented in software for GPS-enabled mobile phones communicating with a GeoServer backend in order to track down and eradicate disease outbreaks and susceptible host plants. This new technology offering georeferenced events online from field provides new possibilities for real time action in risk and crisis management.

• Tørresen, Kirsten; Fykse, Haldor & Rafoss, Trond (2010). Autumn growth of Elytrigia repens, Cirsium arvense and Sonchus arvensis at high latitudes in an outdoor pot experiment. Weed research (Print). ISSN 0043-1737. 50(4), p. 353–363. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2010.00791.x. Show summary

  P>Autumn growth of weeds (i) provides an opportunity for mechanical and chemical control in autumn and (ii) can be important for weed survival and infestation in the following spring. Growth characteristics of Elytrigia repens, Cirsium arvense and Sonchus arvensis in autumn were studied in 2004 and 2005, on plants of different origins and developmental stages (planted at various times from May to August). The plants were grown outdoors in large pots and were assessed during September and October each year. The study showed that (i) all species grew in autumn, but growth ceased and the species withered at different times; S. arvensis first, followed by C. arvense and then E. repens and (ii) less developed (i.e. younger) plants grew later in the autumn. This was demonstrated by leaf area development and biomass distribution during autumn. Older plants had a greater total biomass with relatively more rhizomes or creeping roots than younger plants. In young plants of C. arvense and S. arvensis, the biomass of creeping roots increased during autumn. The total biomass, however, changed little during autumn. These growth patterns indicate that E. repens will be the easiest, S. arvensis the most difficult and C. arvense in between, regarding control of these species in autumn.

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• Alexander, Jan; Hemre, Gro Ingunn; Hofshagen, Merete; Mathisen, Gro Haarklou; Aasmo-Finne, Merethe & Agdestein, Angelika [Show all 21 contributors for this article] (2022). Matproduksjon, mattrygghet og miljø - innspill om kunnskapsbehov til gjennomføringen av det grønne skiftet - Uttalelse fra hovedkomiteen i Vitenskapskomiteen for mat og miljø (VKM). VKM Report. ISSN 2535-4019. 2022:30(30), p. 1–21. Full text in Research Archive
• Vandvik, Vigdis; Elvevoll, Edel O.; Finne, Merethe Aasmo; Hofshagen, Merete; Nielsen, Anders & Steffensen, Inger-Lise [Show all 21 contributors for this article] (2020). Uavhengige kunnskapssynteser: grunnlag for kunnskapsbaserte beslutninger i samfunnet. Uttalelse fra hovedkomiteen i Vitenskapskomiteen for mat og miljø (VKM) . VKM Report. ISSN 2535-4019. 2020:03, p. 1–24.
• Sletten, Arild; Talgø, Venche; Rafoss, Trond & Melbøe, Nils S. (2016). Control of fire blight in Norway 1986-2015. Show summary

  Fire blight was detected for the first time in Norway in 1986. It was a limited outbreak on the West Coast, only on ornamentals, particularly on Cotoneaster. An organization for the eradication and containment of fire blight was quickly established, and given comprehensive statutory powers and government resources to do surveys and eradicate diseased plants and highly susceptible plants from contaminated areas. The work has managed to restrict fire blight to the West Coast. Eastern and Northern parts of the country are considered pest free areas. The disease has not moved into important fruit-growing areas. Spread of fire blight to new areas has mainly been due to uncontrolled movement of beehives. From 1969 to 2016 import of all host plants from countries with fire blight has been prohibited. Systematic yearly surveys by foot and car in all parts of the country, using digital maps, internet connected tablets with GPS, and software for registrations made in the field have proved to be an efficient tool to spot new outbreaks at an early stage and start eradication, thus limiting further spread.

• Skog, Tor-Einar; Nordskog, Berit; Eikemo, Håvard; Hole, Halvard; Schjøll, Annette & Netland, Jan [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2015). VIPS- an open source technology platform aimed at international collaboration on IPM. In Fløistad, Erling & Günther, Morten (Ed.), Bioforsk-konferansen 2015. Sammendrag av presentasjoner og plakater. Bioforsk. ISSN 978-82-17-01389-1. p. 128–128.
• Brodal, Guro; Rafoss, Trond & Tangerås, Håkon (2014). The occurrence of Fusarium in cereal seeds in Norway 1970-2012 and the relationship with climatic conditions. 7th ISTA Seed Health Symposium, 12-14 June 2014, Edinburgh, UK. Book of abstracts.
• Skog, Tor-Einar; Eikemo, Håvard; Hole, Halvard; Schjøll, Annette; Netland, Jan & Trandem, Nina [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2014). VIPS - An open source technology platform for implementation of IPM tools, aimed at international collaboration and local adaptations.
• Skog, Tor-Einar; Nordskog, Berit; Eikemo, Håvard; Hole, Halvard; Schjøll, Annette & Netland, Jan [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2014). An open source technology platform for international collaboration and local adaptation of IPM tools.
• Flø, Daniel; Solheim, Halvor; Magnusson, Christer; Rafoss, Trond; Sundheim, Leif & Perminow, Juliana Irina Spies (2014). Import of deciduous wood chips from eastern North America – pathway-initiated risk characterization of relevant plant pests.
• Nordskog, Berit; Skog, Tor-Einar; Eikemo, Håvard; Hole, Halvard; Schjøll, Annette & Brodal, Guro [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2014). VIPS - a collaboration platform for integrated pest and disease management (IPM) in agriculture.
• Nordskog, Berit; Netland, Jan; Eikemo, Håvard; Hole, Halvard; Skog, Tor-Einar & Brodal, Guro [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2013). VIPS – a technology platform for integrated pest and disease management (IPM) in agriculture.
• Sundheim, Leif; Brodal, Guro; Hofgaard, Ingerd & Rafoss, Trond (2013). Risk assessment of Mycotoxins in cereal grain in Norway. 3rd Annual world congress of microbes 2013.
• Rafoss, Trond (2012). New developments in geospatial data standards can improve pest risk assessment and management.
• Fløistad, Inger & Rafoss, Trond (2012). Uønska planter i spredning - hva kan vi gjøre?
• Rafoss, Trond (2012). Climarice II progress. Pest and disease forecasting as an adaptation measure. Exploring mobile technology.
• Rafoss, Trond; Nærstad, Ragnhild; Hofgaard, Ingerd Skow; Hole, Halvard; Elen, Oleif & Brodal, Guro (2011). Plantevernvarsel på gårdsnivå. Rapport fra en pilotstudie for potet og korn i Solør-Odal. In Strand, Einar (Eds.), Jord- og Plantekultur 2011. Forsøk i korn, olje- og proteinvekster, engfrøavl og potet 2010. Bioforsk. ISSN 978-82-17-00715-9. p. 91–97. Show summary

  Varsling av angrep av potettørråte og aksfusariose mot enkeltgårdsbruk er prøvet ut for 35 gårdsbruk i Solø-Odal. Denne utprøvingen av gårdsvarsel er basert på fjernmåling av nedbør med radar og beregning av loakle værforhold basert på værvarslingsmodell. Foreløpige resultater fra evaluering av erfaringene fra 2010 er lovende. Samarbeidspartnere er Meteorologisk institutt og Solør-Odal Landbruksrådgivning.

• Tronsmo, Anne-Marte; Tronsmo, Arne; Einset, John; Hofgaard, Ingerd Skow; Olsen, Jorunn Elisabeth & Rafoss, Trond [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2009). PMAC2009 Program and abstract book Plant and Microbe Adaptation to the Cold. December 4-8 2009. Show summary

  Welcome Dear participants, Welcome to Norway and to the campus of the Norwegian University of Life Sciences. The organizing committee is very pleased and honoured that the meeting will be attended by close to 80 participants from 18 countries, specialized in areas ranging from molecular biology to modelling. We expect PMAC2009 to be a unique forum for an integrated perspective on plant and microbe adaptation to cold. Climate change presents a main challenge for agriculture and forestry. Scientists are asked to predict the fate of plants and microbes under new conditions. Our aim at understand the impact of climate change on plants and microbes in ?cold? environment can be approached by modelling, but no model can be better than the knowledge it is based upon. Knowledge gaps need to be filled. In this meeting, scientists in agronomy, forestry, genetics, plant physiology, plant pathology and microbiology, as well as specialists in modelling, will share new knowledge and new approaches in their respective fields, and thereby hopefully fill some of the gaps. We extend our sincere thanks to the speakers and poster holders for their positive response to our invitation to contribute at PMAC2009. And the good advices and contributions from the international committee are much appreciated. PMAC2009 could hardly have been arranged without a grant from the Norwegian Research Council. We therefore wish to express our great appreciation for this. We also wish to thank the plant breeding company Graminor for their contribution. We are looking forward to a productive and enlightening meeting during the darkest time of the year! On behalf of the local organizing committee, Anne Marte Tronsmo

• Sletten, Arild & Rafoss, Trond (2009). Kartlegging av planteskadegjørere med GPS-telefoni og digitalt kartverktøy. In Fløistad, Erling & Munthe, Kari (Ed.), Bioforsk-konferansen 2009. Mat, vann og klima. Bioforsk. ISSN 978-82-17-00451-6. p. 158–159. Show summary

  Overvåking og kartlegging av pærebrann ble i 2008 gjort ved hjelp av mobiltelefoner med GPS og en innlagt spesialutviklet programvare. Med enkle tastetrykk på telefonen kunne man registrere i felt forekomster av vertplanter og sjukdomsangrep. Disse dataene ble så via internett over mobilnettet sendt til en digital kart-tjener. Registreringene var umiddelbart tilgjengelige i form av et eget kartlag på internett for visning sammen med annen kartinformasjon på PC. Dette digitale verktøyet har gitt en stor effektivisering og kvalitetsheving av registreringsarbeidet i felt, og gjort dataene umiddelbart tilgjengelige etter innlegging.

• Tørresen, Kirsten; Netland, Jan & Rafoss, Trond (2009). Ugrassituasjonen ved endret klima og mer høstkorndyrking. In Fløistad, Erling & Munthe, Kari (Ed.), Bioforsk-konferansen 2009. Mat, vann og klima. Bioforsk. ISSN 978-82-17-00451-6. p. 76–77. Show summary

  Med et endret klima forventes mer høstkorndyrking. Etablerte arter som kveke og åkertistel kan bli et større problem. Ugras som åkerkvein og åkerreverumpe, utbredt lenger sør i Europa, kan bli et problem også i Norge. Vi ser for oss mer høstsprøyting, og større fare for utvikling av herbicidresistens.

• Halvorsen, Kim Aleksander Tallaksen; Sørdalen, Tonje Knutsen; Larsen, Torkel; Rafoss, Trond & Skiftesvik, Anne Berit (2020). Kunnskapsbasert innovasjon for optimal ressursutnyttelse i leppefiskeriet — Sluttrapport i prosjekt 272202 - Regionalt forskningsfond Agder. Havforskningsinstituttet. ISSN 1893-4536. Full text in Research Archive
• Stenberg, Johan A.; Flø, Daniel; Kirkendall, Lawrence R.; Krokene, Paal; Alsanius, Beatrix & Magnusson, Christer [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2019). Pest risk assessment of selected Epitrix species. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM). ISSN 978-82-8259-333-5.
• Skåre, Janneche Utne; Alexander, Jan; Haave, Marte; Jakubowicz, Ignacy; Knutsen, Helle Katrine & Lusher, Amy [Show all 26 contributors for this article] (2019). Microplastics; occurrence, levels and implications for environment and human health related to food. Scientific opinion of the Scientific Steering Committee of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM). ISSN 978-82-8259-332-8. Full text in Research Archive
• Steffensen, Inger-Lise; Fæste, Christiane Kruse; Husøy, Trine; Knutsen, Helle Katrine; Mathisen, Gro Haarklou & Ørnsrud, Robin [Show all 20 contributors for this article] (2019). Ranking of substances for monitoring in foods, drinks and dietary supplements - based on risk and knowledge gaps. Scientific Opinion of the Scientific Steering Committee of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM). ISSN 978-82-8259-329-8. Full text in Research Archive
• Källqvist, Torsten; Eklo, Ole Martin; Låg, Marit; Rakkestad, Kirsten Eline; Sipinen, Ville Erling & Steffensen, Inger-Lise [Show all 23 contributors for this article] (2019). Genetically modified glyphosate tolerant maize, soybean and oilseed rape versus conventionally grown varieties – agricultural practices, residues of glyphosate, other pesticides and metabolites, and implications for toxicity. Opinion of the Scientific Steering Committee of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM). Scientific Steering Committee of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. ISSN 978-82-8259-322-9.
• Sundheim, Leif; Magnusson, Christer; Sletten, Arild; Wendell, Per Hans Micael; Brodal, Guro & Ergon, Åshild [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2018). Assessment of Quarantine Pest Dispersal from Norwegian Potato and Root Vegetable Packing Plants with Evaluation of Risk Reducing Options. Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment . Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM). ISSN 978-82-8259-312-0. Full text in Research Archive
• Alexander, Jan; Andersen, Lene Frost; Asare, Nana Yaa Ohene; Basic, Dean; Elvevoll, Edel Oddny & Grahek-Ogden, Danica [Show all 19 contributors for this article] (2018). Research needs of importance for food safety and environmental protection as based on data gaps identified by VKM. Summary report from VKM’s scientific opinions from 2016 to 2017. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM). ISSN 978-82-8259-309-0. Full text in Research Archive
• Alexander, Jan; Andersen, Lene Frost; Asare, Nana Yaa Ohene; Basic, Dean; Elvevoll, Edel Oddny & Grahek-Ogden, Danica [Show all 19 contributors for this article] (2018). Kunnskapsbehov av betydning for mattrygghet og beskyttelse av miljøet. Oppsummering fra VKMs vitenskapelige uttalelser i perioden 2016 - 2017. Vitenskapskomiteen for mattrygghet (VKM). ISSN 978-82-8259-308-3. Full text in Research Archive
• Alexander, Jan; Andersen, Lene Frost; Asare, Nana Yaa Ohene; Basic, Dean; Elvevoll, Edel Oddny & Grahek-Ogden, Danica [Show all 19 contributors for this article] (2018). Research needs of importance for food safety and environmental protection as based on data gaps identified by VKM. Norwegian Scientific Commitee for Food and Enviroment (VKM). ISSN 978-82-8259-307-6. Full text in Research Archive
• Rafoss, Trond; Flø, Daniel; Sundheim, Leif; Wendell, Per Hans Micael; Brodal, Guro & Ergon, Åshild [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2018). Pest risk assessment of Dendrolimus sibiricus and Dendrolimus superans. Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety and Environment (VKM). ISSN 978-82-8259-305-2.
• Sundheim, Leif; Flø, Daniel; Wendell, Micael; Brodal, Guro; Ergon, Åshild & Magnusson, Christer [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2017). Risk assessment of tomato leaf miner moth (Tuta absoluta). Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health of the Norwegian cientific Committee for Food Safety. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM). ISSN 978-82-8259-281-9. Full text in Research Archive
• Alexander, Jan; Brantsæter, Anne Lise; Brunborg, Gunnar; Fæste, Christiane Kruse; Jaworska, Alicja & Komperød, Mari [Show all 23 contributors for this article] (2017). Risk assessment of radioactivity in Food. Opinion of the Scientific Committee of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM). ISSN 978-82-8259-282-6. Full text in Research Archive
• Herrero, Maria; Rafoss, Trond & Brurberg, May Bente (2017). Kartlegging av Phytophthora ramorum i 2016. NIBIO. ISSN 978-82-17-01827-8. 3(45). Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Phytophthora ramorum er et patogen som kan gjøre skade på en rekke vertsplanter og som i Norge har status som karanteneskadegjører. I 2016 mottok NIBIO totalt 383 prøver fra Mattilsynet for analyse for P. ramorum. Prøvene ble analysert med real-time PCR spesifikk for P. ramorum og/eller ved isolering på semiselektivt medium PARP og påføgende mikroskoperng. Prøveantallet inkluderte prøver fra 13 importsendinger, og P. ramorum ble påvist i 6 av dem. En av de positive prøvene var av pyramidelyng (Pieris japonica) og de andre var av rododendron. Sendingene kom fra Belgia og Nederland. Det ble gjennomført kontroller i 40 planteskoler og hagesentre. I 11 av dem ble det påvist P. ramorum. I alt ble det analysert 98 prøver, og det ble påvist P. ramorum i 40 av de. Alle de positive prøvene var av rododendron. Planteskolene med påvisning var lokalisert i Øst-, Vest- og Midt-Norge. I seks av planteskolene ble det gjennomført en ‘baiting’-test av rotklumper fra planter som ikke viste Phytophthora-symptomer på blader eller kvister. I 6 rododendronprøver fra en av planteskolene ble det påvist P. ramorum etter ‘baiting’. Det ble analysert 234 prøver fra grøntanlegg, og det ble påvist P. ramorum i 55 av disse. Alle påvisningene var fra kystområder på Sør-Vestlandet, med unntak av en prøve fra Midt-Norge (Stjørdal)

• Melbøe, Nils S.; Bondevik, Odd; Sletten, Arild; Talgø, Venche & Rafoss, Trond (2016). Aksjon pærebrann 2015. Rapport om overvåking, kartlegging og bekjempelse av pærebrann i 2015. NIBIO og Mattilsynet.
• Brodal, Guro; Netland, Jan; Lid, Elin Thingnæs; Ergon, Åshild; Magnusson, Christer & Sletten, Arild [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2016). Risk assessment of cockspur grass (Echinochloa crus-galli). Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM). ISSN 978-82-8259-213-0. Full text in Research Archive
• Andersen, Lene Frost; Elvevoll, Edel Oddny; Hemre, Gro Ingunn; Hjeltnes, Brit; Hofshagen, Merete & Iversen, Per Ole [Show all 16 contributors for this article] (2016). Kunnskapsbehov av betydning for mattrygghet og biologisk mangfold. Oppsummering fra VKMs vitenskapelige uttalelser i perioden 2005 – 2015. Rapport fra Hovedkomiteen, Vitenskapskomiteen for Mattrygghet. Vitenskapskomiteen for mattrygghet (VKM). ISSN 978-82-8259-236-9. Full text in Research Archive
• Andersen, Lene Frost; Elvevoll, Edel Oddny; Hemre, Gro Ingunn; Hjeltnes, Brit; Hofshagen, Merete & Iversen, Per Ole [Show all 16 contributors for this article] (2016). Research needs and data gaps of importance for food safety and protection of biodiversity. Summary report from VKM’s scientific opinions in the period 2005 - 2015. The Scientific Steering Committee of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety. Norwegian Committee for Food Safety (VKM). ISSN 978-82-8259-237-6. Full text in Research Archive
• Andersen, Lene Frost; Andreassen, Åshild Kristine; Elvevoll, Edel Oddny; Hemre, Gro Ingunn; Hjeltnes, Brit & Hofshagen, Merete [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2016). Research needs and data gaps of importance for food safety and protection of biodiversity. From VKM’s scientific opinions in the period 2005 - 2015. Report from the Scientific Steering Committee of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety. Norwegian Committee for Food Safety (VKM). ISSN 978-82-8259-238-3. Full text in Research Archive
• Nagothu, Sekhar; Rafoss, Trond & Borrell, Andrew (2016). Investment options needed for scaling up the potential adaptation and mitigation options identified and their impacts. NIBIO. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Climate change and variability associated with natural hazards such as flooding, storms, droughts, increasing temperature, sea level rise and salinity have been a continuous threat to the life and property of Vietnamese society in the past and will continue to do so in the future in not addressed properly. A majority are smallholders, highly vulnerable and without the capacity to invest much in adaptation. Thus any new adaptation measures have to be simple, low cost, help in reducing greenhouse gases (GHGs), and easily adaptable. This manual draws lessons from selected mitigation and adaptation measures evaluated in the project. The manual examines three key aspects needed to scale-up and replicate the measures at the provincial level. The first is the institutional structures, including inputs needed, farmer and stakeholder capacity at the commune, district and provincial levels, barriers to scaling-up, and how to address them. Secondly, how demonstrating effective climate-resilient technologies on farmer fields, closely involving farmers, can provide good results for scaling-up. Third, the impacts of policies to enhance enabling environments for scaling-up. There is a need to prioritize short-term and long-term measures for scaling-up. It is important to generate funds to support the scaling-up, both from state and private sources. Active stakeholder integration is a necessary factor where the authorities, farmers, scientists, civil society and industry are working closely in the process. Knowledge transfer has to be done both through linear and non-linear extension models that will be more effective in providing timely and complete knowledge to farmers and stakeholders. […]

• Sundheim, Leif; Ergon, Åshild; Magnusson, Christer; Netland, Jan; Prestløkken, Egil & Sletten, Arild [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2016). Assessment of manure and digestive tract content from slaughterhouses as a pathway for weeds and plant pests. Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM). ISSN 978-82-8259-245-1. Full text in Research Archive
• Melbøe, Nils S.; Bondevik, Odd; Sletten, Arild; Talgø, Venche & Rafoss, Trond (2015). Aksjon pærebrann 2014. Rapport om overvåking, kartlegging og bekjempelse av pærebrann i 2014. Et samarbeidsprosjekt mellom Mattilsynet og Bioforsk Plantehelse. Bioforsk/Mattilsynet. Full text in Research Archive
• Alexander, Jan; Andreassen, Åshild Kristine; Elvevoll, Edel Oddny; Andersen, Lene Frost; Hjeltnes, Brit Kristine & Hofshagen, Merete [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2014). Trygg mat og kosmetikk, friske dyr og planter forutsetter forskning, kartlegging og overvåkning. Hovedkomiteen i Vitenskapskomiteen for mattrygghet. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM). ISSN 978-82-8259-129-4. Full text in Research Archive
• Sundheim, Leif; Hofsvang, Trond; Magnusson, Christer; Eriksen, Gunnar Sundstøl; Brandsæter, Lars Olav & Brodal, Guro [Show all 27 contributors for this article] (2014). Comparison of organic and conventional food and food Production. Part I: Plant health and plant production . Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM). ISSN 978-82-8259-134-8. Full text in Research Archive
• Skåre, Janneche Utne; Brantsæter, Anne Lise; Frøyland, Livar; Hemre, Gro Ingunn; Knutsen, Helle Katrine & Lillegaard, Inger Therese L. [Show all 19 contributors for this article] (2014). Benefit-risk assessment of fish and fish products in the Norwegian diet – an update. Opinion of the Scientific Steering Committee of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM). ISSN 978-82-8259-159-1. Full text in Research Archive
• Nagothu, Sekhar; Nguyen, Van Bo; Borrell, Andrew; Rafoss, Trond & Anh, Hach (2014). Implementation plan for field demonstration of selected potential adaptation measures in the three study areas. Bioforsk. Full text in Research Archive
• Mai, Van Trinh; Nguyen, Van Bo; Hoang, Gia Minh; Nguyen, Xuan Dzung; Nagothu, Sekhar & Rafoss, Trond [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2014). A benchmark report characterizing the three project areas and rice farming systems in the three provinces. Bioforsk. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The three year multidisciplinary ClimaViet project (July 2013 to June 2016) implemented jointly by the Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences (VAAS) and the Norwegian Institute for Agriculture and Environmental Research (Bioforsk) is focusing mainly on the future climate change impacts on rice production in Vietnam with financial support of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Norway. As a first step, the project has reviewed the current studies and programs related to climate change and agriculture taken by other agencies in Vietnam. The existing climate scenarios were downscaled and the climate impacts on seasonality in rainfall leading to droughts and salinity in coastal areas on rice production were assessed. Potential measures leading to improved rice cropping systems and improved nutrient use efficiency are being pilottested in the three study areas located in Nam Dinh, Soc Trang and Tra Vinh provinces. The results are expected to contribute to sustained productivity and climate change mitigation. Towards the end, the project will develop the institutional and policy guidelines required to adopt the potential measures identified and tested in the project. The project involves stakeholders at the provincial and national level (VAAS, MARD, MONRE and other relevant stakeholders) for better uptake of results.

• Melbøe, Nils S.; Sletten, Arild; Talgø, Venche; Rafoss, Trond & Perminow, Juliana (2014). Aksjon pærebrann 2013 - Rapport om overvåking, kartlegging og bekjempelse av pærebrann i 2013. Mattilsynet og Bioforsk.
• Sundheim, Leif; Flø, Daniel; Rafoss, Trond; Brodal, Guro; Ergon, Åshild & Magnusson, Christer [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2014). The EPPO PRA for Agrilus planipennis: assessment for Norway. Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM. ISSN 978-82-8259-152-2.
• Bernhoft, Aksel; Eriksen, Gunnar Sundstøl; Sundheim, Leif; Berntssen, Marc; Brantsæter, Anne Lise & Brodal, Guro [Show all 39 contributors for this article] (2013). Risk assessment of mycotoxins in cereal grain in Norway. Opinion of the Scientific Steering Committee of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM). ISSN 978-82-8259-090-7. Full text in Research Archive
• Sundheim, Leif; Magnusson, Christer; Rafoss, Trond; Solheim, Halvor; Økland, Bjørn & Hofsvang, Trond [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2013). Import of deciduous wood chips from eastern North America – pathway-initiated risk characterizations of relevant plant pests. Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM). ISSN 978-82-8259-092-1.
• Sletten, Arild; Rafoss, Trond; Hofsvang, Trond; Magnusson, Christer; Solheim, Halvor & Tronsmo, Anne Marte [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2013). Vurdering vedrørende konsekvenser av en innenlands forvaltning av pærebrann i Norge tilsvarende EUs minstekrav. Uttalelse fra Faggruppe for plantehelse i Vitenskapskomiteen for mattrygghet. Vitenskapskomiteen for mattrygghet (VKM). ISSN 978-82-8259-109-6.
• Rafoss, Trond; Shah, S. Enayathullah; Kennedy, J. S.; Lakshmanan, A.; Geethalakshmi, V. & Nagothu, Sekhar (2013). Climate Adaptation and Mitigation through ICT Innovation - Exploring Potentials for Forecasting Pest and Disease Risks in Rice . Bioforsk. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  ClimaRice II has explored the potential for climate adaptation and mitigation through online dissemination of pest risk forecasts to rice farmers. Weather-driven mathematical models incorporating scientific insights on the biological responses of plant pests to climate can be linked to automatic weather station networks to provide pest risk forecasting / forewarning / early warning to rice farmers

• Sletten, Arild; Hofsvang, Trond; Magnusson, Christer; Rafoss, Trond; Solheim, Halvor & Tronsmo, Anne Marte [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2012). Pest risk assessment for apple proliferation phytoplasma (“Candidatus Phytoplasma mali”). Opinion of the Panel on plant health of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety . Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM). ISSN 978-82-8259-053-2.
• Sundheim, Leif; Flø, Daniel; Hofsvang, Trond; Magnusson, Christer; Rafoss, Trond & Sletten, Arild [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2012). Risikovurdering av planteskadegjøreren Anoplophora chinensis for Norge. Uttalelse fra Faggruppe for plantehelse i Vitenskapskomiteen for mattrygghet. Vitenskapskomiteen for mattrygghet (VKM). ISSN 978-82-8259-054-9.
• Sundheim, Leif; Flø, Daniel; Rafoss, Trond; Hofsvang, Trond; Magnusson, Christer & Sletten, Arild [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2012). The EPPO PRA for Agrilus anxius: Assessment for Norwegian conditions. Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM). ISSN 978-82-8259-065-5.
• Rafoss, Trond (2011). Mobile technology for climate change adaptation in agriculture. Bioforsk. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  ClimaRice II is exploring the potential for use of mobile technologies in the context of climate change adaptation in agriculture. Modern mobile telephone technology is a key component of the ongoing communication revolution which in turn has great potentials for social change and development. The Indian telecommunication industry is the world's fastest growing industry with 811.59 million mobile phone subscribers as of March 2011. Most farmers are already using mobile phones for various day to day needs, but the technology has a wider potential in supporting their main profession; agriculture. Linking mobile technology with adaptation measures developed in ClimaRice projects could form new and powerful measures to meet the threats from climate change and provide support in sustaining rice production.

• Rafoss, Trond; Nordskog, Berit; Nærstad, Ragnhild; Hofgaard, Ingerd Skow; Hole, Halvard & Elen, Oleif [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2011). Gårdsvarsling. Utvikling av plantevernvarsler på gårdsnivå. Bioforsk. ISSN 978-82-17-00801-9. 6(8). Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Gårdsvarsling gjør det mulig å beregne lokalt tilpassede plantevernvarsler ved bruk av værvarsel og radarmåling av nedbør. Vanligvis beregnes plantevernvarsler på grunnlag av data fra værstasjoner, men mange gårdsbruk ligger langt unna nærmeste målepunkt. For disse brukene vil varsler basert på værvarsler og radarmålt nedbør være et godt alternativ. Gårdsvarsler tilpasset det enkelte gårdsbruk vil derfor øke nytteverdien av varslingstjenesten innen planteskadegjørere (VIPS) for mange dyrkere.

• Andersen, Arild; Hofsvang, Trond; Brurberg, May Bente; Magnusson, Christer; Rafoss, Trond & Toppe, Brita [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2010). Pest risk assessment of the South American Leafminer (Liriomyza huidobrensis) in Norway. Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM). ISSN 978-82-8082-399-1.
• Andersen, Arild; Hofsvang, Trond; Brurberg, May Bente; Magnusson, Christer; Rafoss, Trond & Toppe, Brita [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2010). Pest risk assessment of the Vegetable Leafminer (Liriomyza sativae) in Norway. Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM). ISSN 978-82-8082-400-4.
• Andersen, Arild; Hofsvang, Trond; Brurberg, May Bente; Magnusson, Christer; Rafoss, Trond & Tronsmo, Anne Marte [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2010). Pest risk assessment of the American Serpentine Leafminer (Liriomyza trifolii) in Norway. Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM). ISSN 978-82-8082-401-1.
• Sundheim, Leif; Brurberg, May Bente; Hofsvang, Trond; Magnusson, Christer; Rafoss, Trond & Sletten, Arild [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2010). Pest risk assessment of the Pine Wood Nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in Norway – Part 2. Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM). ISSN 978-82-8259-002-0.
• Sundheim, Leif; Hofsvang, Trond; Magnusson, Christer; Rafoss, Trond; Sletten, Arild & Solheim, Halvor [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2010). Pest risk assessment of Phytophthora fragariae in Norway. Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM). ISSN 978-82-8259-003-7.
• Sundheim, Leif; Hofsvang, Trond; Magnusson, Christer; Rafoss, Trond; Sletten, Arild & Solheim, Halvor [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2010). Pest risk assessment of Ralstonia solanacearum in Norway – limited to the pathway of ware potatoes from the Netherlands. Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM). ISSN 978-82-8259-009-9.
• Rafoss, Trond; Fløistad, Inger; Netland, Jan & Sælid, Knut (2010). Kartlegging og overvåking av spredning av fremmede karplantearter langs samferdselsårer - en analysemetode basert på nasjonal geografisk infrastruktur. Bioforsk. ISSN 978-82-17-00706-7. 5(150). Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  I denne rapporten legges det frem en metode utviklet for å identifisere konfliktområder mellom viktige naturverdier og spredning av fremmede karplantearter langs samferdselsårer. I korte trekk består metoden av en geografisk analyse der sammenfall mellom stedfestede data for samferdselsårer og tilgrensende arealer med viktige naturverdier vurderes mot truslene som forekomster av fremmede karplantearter representerer i disse potensielle konfliktområdene. Analysen tar utgangspunkt i data tilgjengelige gjennom nasjonal geografisk infrastruktur - Norge digitalt og tilsvarende nasjonale samarbeidsinitiativ som Artsdatabanken, Naturbase og lignende. [...]

• Hole, Halvard & Rafoss, Trond (2010). Været i vekstsesongen 2010. Bioforsk. ISSN 978-82-17-00716-6. 5(22). Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Dette er en kort beskrivelse av været i vekstsesongen 2010 basert på data registrert ved Bioforsks klimastasjoner og noen detaljer hentet fra klimatologiske oversikter utgitt av Meteorologisk institutt.

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