Vivian Kjelland

• Lamsal, Alaka; Edgar, Kristin Skarsfjord; Jenkins, Andrew; Renssen, Hans; Kjær, Lene Jung & Alfsnes, Kristian [Vis alle 25 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus in questing Ixodes ricinus nymphs in southern Scandinavia and the possible influence of meteorological factors. Zoonoses and Public Health. ISSN 1863-1959. 70(6), s. 473–484. doi: 10.1111/zph.13049. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Ixodes ricinus ticks are Scandinavia's main vector for tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), which infects many people annually. The aims of the present study were (i) to obtain information on the TBEV prevalence in host-seeking I. ricinus collected within the Øresund-Kattegat-Skagerrak (ØKS) region, which lies in southern Norway, southern Sweden and Denmark; (ii) to analyse whether there are potential spatial patterns in the TBEV prevalence; and (iii) to understand the relationship between TBEV prevalence and meteorological factors in southern Scandinavia. Tick nymphs were collected in 2016, in southern Scandinavia, and screened for TBEV, using pools of 10 nymphs, with RT real-time PCR, and positive samples were confirmed with pyrosequencing. Spatial autocorrelation and cluster analysis was performed with Global Moran's I and SatScan to test for spatial patterns and potential local clusters of the TBEV pool prevalence at each of the 50 sites. A climatic analysis was made to correlate parameters such as minimum, mean and maximum temperature, relative humidity and saturation deficit with TBEV pool prevalence. The climatic data were acquired from the nearest meteorological stations for 2015 and 2016. This study confirms the presence of TBEV in 12 out of 30 locations in Denmark, where six were from Jutland, three from Zealand and two from Bornholm and Falster counties. In total, five out of nine sites were positive from southern Sweden. TBEV prevalence of 0.7%, 0.5% and 0.5%, in nymphs, was found at three sites along the Oslofjord (two sites) and northern Skåne region (one site), indicating a potential concern for public health. We report an overall estimated TBEV prevalence of 0.1% in questing I. ricinus nymphs in southern Scandinavia with a region-specific prevalence of 0.1% in Denmark, 0.2% in southern Sweden and 0.1% in southeastern Norway. No evidence of a spatial pattern or local clusters was found in the study region. We found a strong correlation between TBEV prevalence in ticks and relative humidity in Sweden and Norway, which might suggest that humidity has a role in maintaining TBEV prevalence in ticks. TBEV is an emerging tick-borne pathogen in southern Scandinavia, and we recommend further studies to understand the TBEV transmission potential with changing climate in Scandinavia.

• Kjelland, Vivian; Stamberg, Paul; Andreassen, Åshild Kristine; Kloster, Hanne; Vikse, Rose & Csango, Peter A. (2021). Borrelia spp. i skogflått samlet fra katter og hunder i Norge. Norsk Veterinærtidsskrift. ISSN 0332-5741. 5, s. 284–289.
• Kjær, Lene Jung; Klitgaard, Kristine; Soleng, Arnulf; Edgar, Kristin Skarsfjord; Lindstedt, Heidi Elisabeth Heggen & Paulsen, Katrine Mørk [Vis alle 17 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Spatial data of Ixodes ricinus instar abundance and nymph pathogen prevalence, Scandinavia, 2016–2017. Scientific Data. ISSN 2052-4463. 7. doi: 10.1038/s41597-020-00579-y. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Ticks carry pathogens that can cause disease in both animals and humans, and there is a need to monitor the distribution and abundance of ticks and the pathogens they carry to pinpoint potential high risk areas for tick-borne disease transmission. In a joint Scandinavian study, we measured Ixodes ricinus instar abundance at 159 sites in southern Scandinavia in August-September, 2016, and collected 29,440 tick nymphs at 50 of these sites. We additionally measured abundance at 30 sites in August-September, 2017. We tested the 29,440 tick nymphs in pools of 10 in a Fluidigm real-time PCR chip to screen for 17 different tick-associated pathogens, 2 pathogen groups and 3 tick species. We present data on the geolocation, habitat type and instar abundance of the surveyed sites, as well as presence/absence of each pathogen in all analysed pools from the 50 collection sites and individual prevalence for each site. These data can be used alone or in combination with other data for predictive modelling and mapping of high-risk areas.

• Kjær, Lene Jung; Klitgaard, Kirstine; Soleng, Arnulf; Edgar, Kristin Skarsfjord; Lindstedt, Heidi Elisabeth Heggen & Paulsen, Katrine Mørk [Vis alle 17 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Spatial patterns of pathogen prevalence in questing Ixodes ricinus nymphs in southern Scandinavia, 2016. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 10, s. 1–14. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-76334-5. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Pedersen, Benedikte Nevjen; Jenkins, Andrew & Kjelland, Vivian (2020). Tick-borne pathogens in Ixodes ricinus ticks collected from migratory birds in southern Norway. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 15(4). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230579. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Birds are important hosts for the first life stages of the Ixodes ricinus tick and they can transport their parasites over long distances. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Neoehrlichia mikurensis and Rickettsia helvetica in ticks collected from migratory birds in Norway. A total of 815 Ixodes ricinus ticks from 216 birds trapped at Lista Bird Observatory in southern Norway during spring and autumn migration in 2008 were analysed by real-time PCR. B. burgdorferi s. l. was the most prevalent pathogen, detected in 6.1% of the ticks. The prevalence of N. mikurensis, A. phagocytophilum and R. helvetica was 1.2%, 0.9% and 0.4% respectively. In addition, one sample (0.1%) was positive for B. miyamotoi. In total, 8.2% of the ticks were infected with at least one pathogen. Co-infection with B. burgdorferi s. l. and N. mikurensis or A. phagocytophilum was found in 6.0% of the infected ticks. Our results show that all the known major tick-borne bacterial pathogens in Norway are subject to transport by migratory birds, potentially allowing spread to new areas. Our study showed a surprisingly high number of samples with PCR inhibition (57%). These samples had been extracted using standard methodology (phenol-chloroform extraction). This illustrates the need for inhibition controls to determine true prevalence rates.

• Jung Kjær, Lene; Soleng, Arnulf; Edgar, Kristin Skarsfjord; Lindstedt, Heidi Elisabeth Heggen; Paulsen, Katrine Mørk & Andreassen, Åshild Kristine [Vis alle 16 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Predicting the spatial abundance of Ixodes ricinus ticks in southern Scandinavia using environmental and climatic data. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 9(1). doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-54496-1. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Recently, focus on tick-borne diseases has increased as ticks and their pathogens have become widespread and represent a health problem in Europe. Understanding the epidemiology of tick-borne infections requires the ability to predict and map tick abundance. We measured Ixodes ricinus abundance at 159 sites in southern Scandinavia from August-September, 2016. We used field data and environmental variables to develop predictive abundance models using machine learning algorithms, and also tested these models on 2017 data. Larva and nymph abundance models had relatively high predictive power (normalized RMSE from 0.65–0.69, R2 from 0.52–0.58) whereas adult tick models performed poorly (normalized RMSE from 0.94–0.96, R2 from 0.04–0.10). Testing the models on 2017 data produced good results with normalized RMSE values from 0.59–1.13 and R2 from 0.18–0.69. The resulting 2016 maps corresponded well with known tick abundance and distribution in Scandinavia. The models were highly influenced by temperature and vegetation, indicating that climate may be an important driver of I. ricinus distribution and abundance in Scandinavia. Despite varying results, the models predicted abundance in 2017 with high accuracy. The models are a first step towards environmentally driven tick abundance models that can assist in determining risk areas and interpreting human incidence data.

• Jenkins, Andrew; Raasok, Cecilie; Pedersen, Benedikte Nevjen; Jensen, Kristine; Andreassen, Åshild Kristine & Soleng, Arnulf [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Detection of Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis in Norway up to the northern limit of Ixodes ricinus distribution using a novel real time PCR test targeting the groEL gene. BMC Microbiology. ISSN 1471-2180. 19. doi: 10.1186/s12866-019-1502-y. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis is an emerging tick-borne pathogen. It is widely distributed in Ixodes ricinus ticks in Europe, but knowledge of its distribution in Norway, where I. ricinus reaches its northern limit, is limited. In this study we have developed a real time PCR test for Ca. N. mikurensis and used it to investigate the distribution of Ca. N. mikurensis in Norway. Results Real time PCR targeting the groEL gene was developed and shown to be highly sensitive. It was used to detect Ca. N. mikurensis in 1651 I. ricinus nymphs and adults collected from twelve locations in Norway, from the eastern Oslo Fjord in the south to near the Arctic Circle in the north. The overall prevalence was 6.5% and varied locally between 0 and 16%. Prevalence in adults and nymphs was similar, suggesting that ticks acquire Ca. N. mikurensis predominantly during their first blood meal. In addition, 123 larvae were investigated; Ca. N. mikurensis was not found in larvae, suggesting that transovarial transmission is rare or absent. Sequence analysis suggests that a single variant dominates in Norway. Conclusions Ca. N. mikurensis is widespread and common in ticks in Norway and reaches up to their northern limit near the Arctic Circle. Ticks appear to acquire Ca. N. mikurensis during their first blood meal. No evidence for transovarial transmission was found.

• Kjær, Lene Jung; Soleng, Arnulf; Edgar, Kristin Skarsfjord; Lindstedt, Heidi Elisabeth H.; Paulsen, Katrine Mørk & Andreassen, Åshild Kristine [Vis alle 16 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Predicting and mapping human risk of exposure to ixodes ricinus nymphs using climatic and environmental data, Denmark, Norway and Sweden, 2016. Eurosurveillance. ISSN 1025-496X. 24(9). doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.9.1800101. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kjelland, Vivian; Paulsen, Katrine Mørk; Rollum, Rikke; Jenkins, Andrew; Stuen, Snorre & Soleng, Arnulf [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Tick-borne encephalitis virus, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Borrelia miyamotoi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis in Ixodes ricinus ticks collected from recreational islands in southern Norway. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases. ISSN 1877-959X. 9(5), s. 1098–1102. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.04.005. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Forselv, Kristine Johanne Nordstrøm; Lorentzen, Åslaug Rudjord; Ljøstad, Unn; Mygland, Åse; Eikeland, Randi & Kjelland, Vivian [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Does more favourable handling of the cerebrospinal fluid increase the diagnostic sensitivity of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato-specific PCR in Lyme neuroborreliosis? Infectious Diseases. ISSN 2374-4235. 50(4), s. 297–302. doi: 10.1080/23744235.2017.1399315.
• Quarsten, Hanne; Grankvist, Anna; Høyvoll, Liv Ragnhild; Myre, Ingvild Bakken; Skarpaas, Tone & Kjelland, Vivian [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato detected in the blood of Norwegian patients with erythema migrans. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases. ISSN 1877-959X. 8(5), s. 715–720. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2017.05.004.
• Lager, Malin; Faller, Maximilian; Wilhelmsson, Peter; Kjelland, Vivian; Andreassen, Åshild Kristine & Dargis, Rimtas [Vis alle 16 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Molecular detection of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato - An analytical comparison of real-time PCR protocols from five different Scandinavian laboratories. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 12:e0185434(9), s. 1–17. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185434. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Aase, Audun; Hajdusek, Ondrej; Øines, Øivind; Quarsten, Hanne; Wilhelmsson, Peter & Herstad, Tove Karin [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Validate or falsify: Lessons learned from a microscopy method claimed to be useful for detecting Borrelia and Babesia organisms in human blood. Infectious Diseases. ISSN 2374-4235. 48(6), s. 411–419. doi: 10.3109/23744235.2016.1144931.
• Quarsten, Hanne; Skarpaas, Tone; Fajs, Luka; Noraas, Sølvi & Kjelland, Vivian (2015). Tick-borne bacteria in Ixodes ricinus collected in southern Norway evaluated by a commercial kit and established real-time PCR protocols. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases. ISSN 1877-959X. 6(4), s. 538–544. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2015.04.008.
• Kjelland, Vivian; Rollum, Rikke; Korslund, Lars; Slettan, Audun & Tveitnes, Dag (2015). Borrelia miyamotoi is widespread in Ixodes ricinus ticks in southern Norway. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases. ISSN 1877-959X. 6(4), s. 516–521. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2015.04.004.
• Haugeberg, Glenn; Hansen, Inger Johanne Widding; Skarpaas, Tone; Noraas, Sølvi & Kjelland, Vivian (2014). Lyme arthritis in Southern Norway - an endemic area for Lyme Borreliosis. BMC Infectious Diseases. ISSN 1471-2334. 14(1). doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-185.

Se alle arbeider i Cristin

• Kjelland, Vivian (2023). Studer smartere - studieteknikker som faktisk virker! Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISBN 9788202766016. 150 s.
• Kjelland, Vivian; Korslund, Lars & Slettan, Audun (2014). Fakta om flått. Kagge Forlag AS. ISBN 978-82-489-1414-3. 126 s.

Se alle arbeider i Cristin

• Kjelland, Vivian (2024). Høysesongen er i gang: -Ikke bli kjemperedd. De fleste blir ikke syke. [Avis]. KRS Avisen Kristiansand (https://www.krs.no/).
• Kjelland, Vivian (2024). Studer smartere - studieteknikker som faktisk virker!
• Kjelland, Vivian (2024). Studer smartere - studieteknikker som faktisk virker!
• Kjelland, Vivian (2024). Studer smartere - studieteknikker som faktisk virker!
• Kjelland, Vivian (2024). Studer smartere - studieteknikker som faktisk virker!
• Kjelland, Vivian (2024). Studer smartere - studieteknikker som faktisk virker!
• Kjelland, Vivian (2023). Ny forsking overraskar: – Me hugsar meir av å lytta enn å notera. [Internett]. nrk.no.
• Kjelland, Vivian (2023). Hvor i hjernen lagres minnene dine? Og hvilken studieteknikk bør du bruke for å huske alt du skal lære?
• Kjelland, Vivian (2023). Hvor i hjernen lagres minnene dine? Og hvilken studieteknikk bør du bruke for å huske alt du skal lære?
• Kjelland, Vivian (2023). Hvor i hjernen lagres minnene dine? Og hvilken studieteknikk bør du bruke for å huske alt du skal lære?
• Kjelland, Vivian (2023). Eksamenstida (og ikkje minst stresset) er her – kan gratis taco vere løysinga? [Internett]. nrk.no.
• Kjelland, Vivian & Tønnesen, Marianne (2023). Studer smartere.
• Kjelland, Vivian (2023). Hvor i hjernen lagres minnene dine? Og hvilken studieteknikk bør du bruke for å huske alt du skal lære?
• Kjelland, Vivian (2023). Hvor i hjernen lagres minnene dine? Og hvilken studieteknikk bør du bruke for å huske alt du skal lære?
• Lien, Anne; Nygård, Malene Østreng; Laugen, Ane Timenes; Lie, Asbjørn; Slettan, Audun & Johansen, Beate Strøm [Vis alle 33 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Utbygging vil ødelegge for biologisk mangfold på campus Gimlemoen. NB! 34 forfattere totalt. Fædrelandsvennen. ISSN 0805-3790. s. 19–19.
• Christiansen, Atle; Kjelland, Vivian & Eikeland, Randi (2023). Nå er det høysesong for flåtten. Blodsugeren spiser bare tre ganger i løpet av livet. [Internett]. Forskning.no.
• Kjelland, Vivian & Eikeland, Randi (2023). Nå er det høysesong for flåtten. [Internett]. Universitetet i Agder.
• Kjelland, Vivian (2023). Nå er det høysesong - slik beskytter du deg. [Avis]. Glåmdalen.
• Kjelland, Vivian (2023). Flått og flåttbårne patogener i Norge.
• Kjelland, Vivian (2023). Hvor i hjernen lagres minnene dine? Og hvilken studieteknikk bør du bruke for å huske alt du skal lære?
• Kjelland, Vivian (2023). Hvor i hjernen lagres minnene dine? Og hvilken studieteknikk bør du bruke for å huske alt du skal lære?
• Kloster, Hanne; Stormo, Camilla; Haaland, Anita Haug; Okstad, Wenche; Andreassen, Åshild Kristine & Stuen, Snorre [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Seroprevalence of antibodies against Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus in dogs in Norway .
• Kjelland, Vivian (2022). Hvor i hjernen lagres minnene dine? Og hvilken studieteknikk bør du bruke for å huske alt du skal lære?
• Kjelland, Vivian (2022). Hvor i hjernen lagres minnene dine? Og hvilken studieteknikk bør du bruke for å huske alt du skal lære?
• Kjær, Lene Jung; Klitgaard, Kirstine; Soleng, Arnulf; Edgar, Kristin Skarsfjord; Lindstedt, Heidi Elisabeth Heggen & Paulsen, Katrine Mørk [Vis alle 17 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Author Correction: Spatial data of Ixodes ricinus instar abundance and nymph pathogen prevalence, Scandinavia, 2016–2017 (Scientific Data, (2020), 7, 1, (238), 10.1038/s41597-020-00579-y). Scientific Data. ISSN 2052-4463. 7(1). doi: 10.1038/s41597-020-00606-y.
• Jenkins, Andrew; Raasok, Cecilie; Pedersen, Benedikte Nevjen; Jensen, Kristine; Andreassen, Åshild Kristine & Soleng, Arnulf [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Correction to: Detection of Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis in Norway up to the northern limit of Ixodes ricinus distribution using a novel real time PCR test targeting the groEL gene. BMC Microbiology. ISSN 1471-2180. 20. doi: 10.1186/s12866-020-1697-y.
• Kjelland, Vivian (2019). «Dersom du fjerner flått innen 24 timer er det ingen risiko for sykdom» – fleip eller fakta?
• Kjelland, Vivian (2019). Nei, dette er ikke kaviar, men flått. [Avis]. Agderposten.
• Kjær, Lene Jung; Soleng, Arnulf; Edgar, Kristin Skarsfjord; Lindstedt, Heidi Elisabeth H.; Paulsen, Katrine Mørk & Andreassen, Åshild Kristine [Vis alle 18 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). A large-scale screening for the taiga tick, Ixodes persulcatus, and the meadow tick, Dermacentor reticulatus, in southern Scandinavia, 2016. Parasites & Vectors. ISSN 1756-3305. 12:338, s. 1–4. doi: 10.1186/s13071-019-3596-3.
• Kjelland, Vivian (2019). Langt flere smittes med flåttsykdommen borreliose enn offentlige tall skulle tilsi. [Internett]. forskning.no.
• Kjelland, Vivian (2019). Flåtten kan klare seg midt i byen. [Internett]. forskning.no.
• Kjelland, Vivian (2019). Her bor flåtten i Skandinavia. [Internett]. Universitetet i Agder.
• Kjelland, Vivian (2019). Flåtten trives godt på Sørlandet. [Avis]. Fædrelandsvennen.
• Kjelland, Vivian (2018). «Dersom du fjerner flått innen 24 timer er det ingen risiko for sykdom» - fleip eller fakta? .
• Korslund, Lars & Kjelland, Vivian (2018). Seasonal patterns in questing activity of the sheep tick (Ixodes ricinus) in Scandinavia.
• Kjelland, Vivian; Kjelland, Vivian; Paulsen, Katrine Mørk; Jenkins, Andrew; Stuen, Snorre & Soleng, Arnulf [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Patogener i skogflått innsamlet fra øyer i Sør-Norge . BestPractice Infeksjon og vaksinasjon. s. 17–21.
• Kjelland, Vivian & Kjelland, Vivian (2018). Flått og flåttbårne patogener.
• Kjelland, Vivian & Kjelland, Vivian (2017). Flått og flåttbårne patogener i Norge.
• Kjelland, Vivian; Kjelland, Vivian & Dikkanen, Vigdis (2017). Fantastiske forelesere: Vivian Kjelland. [Internett]. Unikum.
• Kjelland, Vivian; Kjelland, Vivian; Korslund, Lars; Edgar, Kristin Skarsfjord; Stuen, Snorre & Slettan, Audun [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Ixodes ricinus winter survival and spring emergence in southern Norway.
• Kjelland, Vivian & Kjelland, Vivian (2017). "Om flåtten" - Epidemiologi og humanpatogene mikrober.
• Kjelland, Vivian & Kjelland, Vivian (2017). Flått og flåttbårne patogener i Norge.
• Kjelland, Vivian (2017). ScandTick Innovation.
• Forselv, Kristine Johanne Nordstrøm; Lorentzen, Åslaug Rudjord; Mygland, Åse Daasvand; Ljøstad, Unn; Eikeland, Randi & Kjelland, Vivian [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Improving diagnostics of Lyme neuroborreliosis – direct molecular detection of Borrelia in blood and cerebrospinal fluid.
• Kjelland, Vivian & Kjelland, Vivian (2016). Flott med flått? .
• Kjelland, Vivian & Kjelland, Vivian (2016). Hvordan lever egentlig flåtten?
• Kjelland, Vivian (2016). Se ditt eget DNA!
• Kjelland, Vivian (2016). Se ditt eget DNA!
• Kjelland, Vivian (2016). Se ditt eget DNA!
• Kjelland, Vivian (2016). Se ditt eget DNA!
• Paulsen, Katrine Mørk; Rollum, Rikke; Raasok, Cecilie; Gurung, Deepa; Eskeland, Sveinung & Pedersen, Benedikte Nevjen [Vis alle 17 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Flåttbårne mikroorganismer i Norge: Ko-infeksjon og ko-lokalisasjon av flåttbårne mikroorganismer.
• Paulsen, Katrine Mørk; Gurung, D; Yohanns B, Okbaldet; Gibory, Moustafa; Pedersen, Benedikte Nevjen & Vainio, Kirsti [Vis alle 20 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Tick-borne diseases in a one health perspective, host and pathogen interplays The search for TBE virus and related pathogens. Vis sammendrag

  TBEV (Tick-borne encephalitis virus) and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato are among the most important vector-borne diseases that are emerging. They are the main diseases transmitted by Ixodes ricinus ticks in Europe. I. ricinus is known to transmit other pathogenic microorganisms like- louping ill virus, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and endosymbionts like-Wolbachia pipientis and Midichloria mitochondrii that may have an influence of the pathogenesis in humans and animals. Factors like climate change, human behavior and migrating animals are involved in the distribution of diseases. The main route of disease transmission is through tick bites, but infection through alimentary system for serious infectious agents like TBEV and wild and production animals as sentinels for transmission. The knowledge of natural foci and prevalence of these infectious microorganisms is important for risk assessment of human disease. Preliminary results from 3240 nymph and 234 adult ticks were collected from six location sites of three counties in Norway. The tick samples were analyzed and minimum infection rate/prevalence was calculated. Body fluids of the host animals are valuable epidemiological parameters for TBEV like cow milk and serum from sheep and cows. This study confirms the existence of TBEV endemic foci compared to earlier study. The prevalence of B. burgdorferi s.l., were analyzed in adult ticks while the prevalence of A. phagocytophilum, W. pipientis, M. mitochondrii were studied in nymph and adults. TBEV were detected in a new location in Hordaland county. The detection of TBEV in milk and serum from cows has never been reported in Norway before.

• Kjelland, Vivian & Kjelland, Vivian (2015). Borrelia.
• Kjelland, Vivian & Kjelland, Vivian (2015). Prevalence of Borrelia miyamotoi in Norway .
• Kjelland, Vivian & Kjelland, Vivian (2015). Flåtten - Norges farligste dyr?
• Kjelland, Vivian & Kjelland, Vivian (2015). Ticks.
• Kjelland, Vivian & Kjelland, Vivian (2015). Ny flått-bakterie oppdaget i Norge. [Internett]. www.uia.no/nyheter.
• Kjelland, Vivian & Kjelland, Vivian (2015). Ny flåttbakterie i Norge - kan være livsfarlig. [Avis]. Dagbladet.
• Kjelland, Vivian & Kjelland, Vivian (2015). Farlig flåttbakterie oppdaget i Norge for første gang. [Internett]. www.dagbladet.no.
• Kjelland, Vivian (2015). Se ditt eget DNA!
• Kjelland, Vivian (2015). Se ditt eget DNA!
• Kjelland, Vivian (2015). Se ditt eget DNA!
• Kjelland, Vivian (2015). Se ditt eget DNA!
• Kjelland, Vivian & Kjelland, Vivian (2014). Flått og flåttbårne sykdommer i Norge - med resultater fra lokale studier.
• Kjelland, Vivian & Kjelland, Vivian (2014). Prevalence of Borrelia miyamotoi in Norway - preliminary results.
• Kjelland, Vivian & Kjelland, Vivian (2014). Flått og flåttbårne patogener i Norge.
• Soleng, Arnulf & Kjelland, Vivian (2014). Borrelia og Anaplasma i flått fra Brønnøysund i Nordland. BestPractice. 3(4), s. 22–26.
• Kjelland, Vivian & Kjelland, Vivian (2014). ScandTick.
• Kjelland, Vivian (2014). Sørlandsflåtten er ikke farligere enn nordlandsflåtten. [Avis]. Aftenposten.
• Kjelland, Vivian & Kjelland, Vivian (2013). Borrelia i Norden.
• Kjelland, Vivian (2013). Forskningskonferanse for 5.klasser.
• Kjelland, Vivian (2013). Forskningskonferanse for 5.klasser.
• Kjelland, Vivian (2013). Flått-lab.
• Kjelland, Vivian (2013). Flått og flåttbårne sykdommer i Norge.
• Kjelland, Vivian (2013). Ticks and tickborne diseases.
• Kjelland, Vivian (2013). Flått og flåttbårne sykdommer i Norge.
• Kjelland, Vivian (2013). Flått og flåttbårne sykdommer.
• Kjelland, Vivian (2013). Flått og flåttbårne sykdommer i Norge.
• Kjelland, Vivian (2013). Flått og flåttbårne sykdommer i Norge.
• Lager, Malin; Kjelland, Vivian; Andreassen, Åshild Kristine; Noraas, Sølvi & Quarsten, Hanne (2015). Jämförelse av realtids-PCR av borrelios som ett komplement till klinisk diagnostik i ÖKS-regionen. Folkehelseinstituttet. ISSN 978-82-8082-669-5.
• Henningsson, Anna J; Kjelland, Vivian; Andreassen, Åshild Kristine; Noraas, Sølvi & Quarsten, Hanne (2015). Kartläggning av metoder för klinisk diagnostik av borrelios i ÖKS-regionen. Folkehelseinstituttet. ISSN 978-82-8082-668-8.
• Andreassen, Åshild Kristine; Kjelland, Vivian; Vainio, Kirsti; Dudman, Susanne Gjeruldsen; Fremstad, Hege Reinertsen & Soleng, Arnulf [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2015). ScandTick: Kartlegging av analysemetoder for diagnostikk av skogflåttencefalitt (TBE) i ØKS regionen. Folkehelseinstituttet. ISSN 978-82-8082-656-5.

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