Randi Eikeland

• Quarsten, Hanne; Andreassen, Åshild Kristine; Paulsen, Katrine Mørk; Diekmann, Maria Juul; Eikeland, Randi & Helleren, Rita [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). No detection of tick-borne encephalitis virus RNA in blood, urine or saliva of hospitalised immunocompetent tick-borne encephalitis patients. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 19(6). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305603.
• Skudal, Hilde Kristin; Lorentzen, Åslaug Rudjord; Stenstad, Tore; Paulsen, Else Quist; Egeland, Jens & Fevang, Børre [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). Clinical characteristics and factors affecting disease severity in hospitalized tick-borne encephalitis patients in Norway from 2018 to 2022. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. ISSN 0934-9723. doi: 10.1007/s10096-024-04855-2.
• Skarstein, Ingerid; Ulvestad, Elling; Solheim, Anne Marit; Vedeler, Christian; Ljøstad, Unn & Mygland, Åse [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). Serum neurofilament light chain associates with symptom burden in Lyme neuroborreliosis patients: a longitudinal cohort study from Norway. Journal of Neurology. ISSN 0340-5354. s. 1–8. doi: 10.1007/s00415-024-12237-z.
• Eikeland, Randi; Henningsson, Anna J.; Lebech, Anne-Mette; Kerlefsen, Yvonne; Mavin, Sally & Vrijlandt, Amber [Vis alle 14 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). Tick-borne diseases in the North Sea region–A comprehensive overview and recommendations for diagnostics and treatment. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases. ISSN 1877-959X. 15(2). doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2023.102306.
• Sarjomaa, Marjut Anneli; Zhang, Chi; Tveten, Yngvar; Kersten, Hege; Reiso, Harald & Eikeland, Randi [Vis alle 14 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). Risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection: A test-negative case-control study with additional population controls in Norway. BMJ Open. ISSN 2044-6055. 14(1), s. 1–11. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-073766. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objectives This study aims to assess risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection by combined design; first comparing positive cases to negative controls as determined by PCR testing and then comparing these two groups to an additional prepandemic population control group. Design and setting Test-negative design (TND), multicentre case–control study with additional population controls in South-Eastern Norway. Participants Adults who underwent SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing between February and December 2020. PCR-positive cases, PCR-negative controls and additional age-matched population controls. Primary outcome measures The associations between various risk factors based on self- reported questionnaire and SARS-CoV-2 infection comparing PCR-positive cases and PCR-negative controls. Using subgroup analysis, the risk factors for both PCR-positive and PCR-negative participants were compared with a population control group. Results In total, 400 PCR-positive cases, 719 PCR-negative controls and 14 509 population controls were included. Male sex was associated with the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection only in the TND study (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.4 to 2.6), but not when PCR-positive cases were compared with population controls (OR 1.2, 95% CI 0.9. to 1.5). Some factors were positively (asthma, wood heating) or negatively (hypertension) associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection when PCR-positive cases were compared with population controls, but lacked convincing association in the TND study. Smoking was negatively associated with the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in both analyses (OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.3 to 0.8 and OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.4 to 0.8). Conclusions Male sex was a possible risk factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection only in the TND study, whereas smoking was negatively associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in both the TND study and when using population controls. Several factors were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection when PCR-positive cases were compared with population controls, but not in the TND study, highlighting the strength of combining case–control study designs during the pandemic.

• Lindland, Elisabeth Margrete Stokke; Solheim, Anne Marit; Andreassen, Silje; Bugge, Robin Antony Birkeland; Eikeland, Randi & Reiso, Harald [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI shows altered blood–brain barrier function of deep gray matter structures in neuroborreliosis: a case–control study. European Radiology Experimental. 7(1). doi: 10.1186/s41747-023-00365-6. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Tjernberg, Ivar; Lager, Malin; Jensen, Guro Furset; Eikeland, Randi; Nyman, Dag & Brudin, Lars [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Identification of potential biomarkers in active Lyme borreliosis. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 18(6). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287586. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objectives Lyme serology does not readily discriminate an active Lyme borreliosis (LB) from a previous Borrelia infection or exposure. Here, we aimed to investigate a large number of immunological protein biomarkers to search for an immunological pattern typical for active LB, in contrast to patterns found in healthy blood donors, a proportion of whom were previously exposed to Borrelia. Methods Serum samples from well-characterised adult patients with ongoing LB and healthy blood donors were included and investigated using a proximity extension assay (provided by Olink®) by which 92 different immune response-related human protein biomarkers were analysed simultaneously. Results In total, 52 LB patients and 75 healthy blood donors were included. The blood donors represented both previously Borrelia exposed (n = 34) and not exposed (n = 41) based on anti-Borrelia antibody status. Ten of the examined 92 proteins differed between patients and blood donors and were chosen for further logistic regression (p<0.1). Six proteins were statistically significantly different between LB patients and blood donors (p<0.05). These six proteins were then combined in an index and analysed using receiver-operating-characteristic curve analysis showing an area under the curve of 0.964 (p<0.001). Conclusions The results from this study suggest that there is an immunological protein pattern that can distinguish a present Borrelia infection from a previous exposure as well as anti-Borrelia antibody negative blood donors. Although this method is not adapted for routine clinical use at this point, the possibility is interesting and may open new diagnostic opportunities improving the laboratory diagnostics of LB.

• Akhvlediani, Tamar; Bernard-Valnet, Raphael; Dias, Sara; Eikeland, Randi; Pfausler, Bettina & Sellner, Johann (2023). Neurological side effects and drug interactions of antiviral compounds against SARS-CoV-2. European Journal of Neurology. ISSN 1351-5101. s. 3904–3912. doi: 10.1111/ene.16017. Vis sammendrag

  Background and purposeThe COVID-19 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), rapidly spread across the globe. Tremendous efforts have been mobilized to create effective antiviral treatment options to reduce the burden of the disease. This article summarizes the available knowledge about the antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2 from a neurologist's perspective.MethodsWe summarize neurological aspects of antiviral compounds against SARS-CoV-2 with full, conditional, or previous marketing authorization by the European Medicines Agency (EMA).ResultsNirmatrelvir/ritonavir targets the SARS-CoV-2 3c-like protease using combinatorial chemistry. Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir levels are affected by medications metabolized by or inducing CYP3A4, including those used in neurological diseases. Dysgeusia with a bitter or metallic taste is a common side effect of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir. Molnupiravir is a nucleotide analog developed to inhibit the replication of viruses. No clinically significant interactions with other drugs have been identified, and no specific considerations for people with neurological comorbidity are required. In the meantime, inconsistent results from clinical trials regarding efficacy have led to the withdrawal of marketing authorization by the EMA. Remdesivir is a viral RNA polymerase inhibitor and interferes with the production of viral RNA. The most common side effect in patients with COVID-19 is nausea. Remdesivir is a substrate for CYP3A4.ConclusionsNeurological side effects and drug interactions must be considered for antiviral compounds against SARS-CoV-2. Further studies are required to better evaluate their efficacy and adverse events in patients with concomitant neurological diseases. Moreover, evidence from real-world studies will complement the current knowledge.

• Bernardsjaw, Emilie; Gynthersen, Rosa; Bremell, Daniel; Mens, Helene; Stenør, Christian & Lorentzen, Åslaug Rudjord [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Antibiotic therapy of neuroborreliosis: A survey among infectious disease specialists and neurologists in Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases. ISSN 1877-959X. 13(6). doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.102051. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Introduction: Neuroborreliosis (NB) is a prevalent tick-borne neuroinfection in Europe. To delineate current practice in antimicrobial management of adults with NB and to prioritize future trials needed to optimize treatment recommendations, a questionnaire-based survey was performed. Methods: A self-administered Internet-based survey of NB treatment practices among specialists in infectious diseases and neurology based in Norway, Sweden, and Denmark was carried out between October 2021 and February 2022. The participants were also asked to prioritize four pre-defined research questions for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on therapy for NB. Results: In total, 290 physicians (45% female) from Norway (30%), Sweden (40%), and Denmark (30%) participated in the survey. Of the responders, 230 (79%) were infectious disease specialists and 56 (19%) were neurologists. The preferred antibiotic treatment for patients with early NB was oral doxycycline (n = 225, 78%). Intravenous (IV) penicillin, ceftriaxone, or cefotaxime for the full treatment course was favored by 12%. A preferred treat- ment duration of 10–14 days for patients with NB was reported by 245 respondents (85%), most common among participants from Sweden (97%). A total of 170 (59%) responders reported having local hospital guidelines on the treatment of NB, most often with recommendation of oral doxycycline (92%) for 10–14 days (90%) as first line treatment. The prioritization score for future RCTs was highest for adjunctive prednisone therapy in NB patients with facial palsy (median 5; IQR 4–6) and for placebo versus repeated antibiotics in patients with persistent symptoms after completed antibiotic therapy for NB (median 5, IQR 3–6). Conclusion: In Sweden, all respondents preferred treating NB with oral doxycycline for 10–14 days, whereas 5% in Norway and 19% in Denmark still treat NB with IV antibiotics for the entire treatment course. RCTs to define the role of adjunctive prednisolone in NB patients with facial palsy and repeated antibiotics in patients with persistent symptoms are prioritized for future research.

• Halperin, John; Eikeland, Randi; Branda, John & Dersch, Rick (2022). Lyme neuroborreliosis, known knowns, known unknowns. Brain. ISSN 0006-8950. 145(8), s. 2635–2647. doi: 10.1093/brain/awac206. Vis sammendrag

  Lyme borreliosis affects the nervous system in three principal ways—mononuclear cell meningitis, cranial neuropathies and radiculoneuropathies—the last a broad term encompassing painful radiculopathy, unifocal and multifocal peripheral nerve involvement. Diagnostic tools have been significantly refined—including improved peripheral blood and CSF serodiagnostics—and much has been learned about the interactions between the causative pathogen and the nervous system. Despite these advances in our understanding of this disease, a broad range of other disorders continue to be misattributed to nervous system Lyme borreliosis, supported by, at best, limited evidence. These misattributions often reflect limited understanding not only of Lyme neuroborreliosis but also of what constitutes nervous system disease generally. Fortunately, a large body of evidence now exists to clarify many of these issues, establishing a clear basis for diagnosing nervous system involvement in this infection and, based on well performed studies, clarifying which clinical disorders are associated with Lyme neuroborreliosis, which with non-neurologic Lyme borreliosis, and which with neither.

• Andreassen, Silje; Lindland, Elisabeth Margrete Stokke; Beyer, Mona K.; Solheim, Anne Marit; Ljøstad, Unn & Mygland, Åse Daasvand [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Assessment of cognitive function, structural brain changes and fatigue 6 months after treatment of neuroborreliosis. Journal of Neurology. ISSN 0340-5354. doi: 10.1007/s00415-022-11463-7. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Lie, Ingrid Anne; Wesnes, Kristin; Kvistad, Silje Agnethe Stokke; Brouwer, Iman; Wergeland, Stig & Holmøy, Trygve [Vis alle 20 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). The Effect of Smoking on Long-term Gray Matter Atrophy and Clinical Disability in Patients with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. Neurology: Neuroimmunology and neuroinflammation. ISSN 2332-7812. 9(5), s. 1–10. doi: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000200008. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Solheim, Anne Marit; Lorentzen, Åslaug Rudjord; Dahlberg, Audun Olav; Flemmen, Heidi Øyen; Brune, Synne & Forselv, Kristine Johanne Nordstrøm [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Six versus 2 weeks treatment with doxycycline in European Lyme neuroborreliosis: a multicentre, non-inferiority, double-blinded, randomised and placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. ISSN 0022-3050. 93(11), s. 1222–1228. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2022-329724. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: There is limited evidence regarding optimal duration of antibiotic treatment in neuroborreliosis. We aimed to compare efficacy and safety of oral doxycycline for 2 and 6 weeks in European Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB). Methods: The trial had a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, non-inferiority design. Patients with LNB were recruited from eight Norwegian hospitals and randomised to doxycycline 200 mg once daily for 2 weeks, followed by 4 weeks of placebo, or doxycycline 200 mg once daily for 6 weeks. The primary endpoint was clinical improvement as measured by difference in a Composite Clinical Score (0-64 points) from baseline to 6 months. The non-inferiority margin was predetermined to 0.5 points. Results: One hundred and twenty-one patients were included. Fifty-two treated for 2 weeks and 53 for 6 weeks were included in the intention-to-treat analyses, and 52 and 51 in per-protocol analysis. Mean difference in clinical improvement between the groups was 0.06, 95% CI -1.2 to 1.2, p=0.99 in the intention-to-treat population, and -0.4, 95% CI -1.4 to 0.7, p=0.51 in the per-protocol population and non-inferiority could not be established. There were no treatment failures and no serious adverse events. The groups did not differ in secondary outcomes including clinical scores at 10 weeks and 12 months, cerebrospinal fluid data and patient-reported outcome measures. Patients receiving 6 weeks doxycycline reported slightly more side effects in week 5. Conclusion: Our results strongly indicate that there are no benefits of doxycycline treatment beyond 2 weeks in European LNB.

• Lie, Ingrid Anne; Kacar, Sezgi; Wesnes, Kristin; Brouwer, Iman; Kvistad, Silje Agnethe Stokke & Wergeland, Stig [Vis alle 24 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Serum neurofilament as a predictor of 10-year grey matter atrophy and clinical disability in multiple sclerosis: a longitudinal study. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. ISSN 0022-3050. 93(8), s. 849–857. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2021-328568. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background The predictive value of serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL) on long-term prognosis in multiple sclerosis (MS) is still unclear. Objective Investigate the relation between sNfL levels over a 2-year period in patients with relapsing-remitting MS, and clinical disability and grey matter (GM) atrophy after 10 years. Methods 85 patients, originally enrolled in a multicentre, randomised trial of ω−3 fatty acids, participated in a 10-year follow-up visit. sNfL levels were measured by Simoa quarterly until month 12, and then at month 24. The appearance of new gadolinium-enhancing (Gd+) lesions was assessed monthly between baseline and month 9, and then at months 12 and 24. At the 10-year follow-up visit, brain atrophy measures were obtained using FreeSurfer. Results Higher mean sNfL levels during early periods of active inflammation (Gd+ lesions present or recently present) predicted lower total (β=−0.399, p=0.040) and deep (β=−0.556, p=0.010) GM volume, lower mean cortical thickness (β=−0.581, p=0.010) and higher T2 lesion count (β=0.498, p=0.018). Of the clinical outcomes, higher inflammatory sNfL levels were associated with higher disability measured by the dominant hand Nine-Hole Peg Test (β=0.593, p=0.004). Mean sNfL levels during periods of remission (no Gd+ lesions present or recently present) did not predict GM atrophy or disability progression. Conclusion Higher sNfL levels during periods of active inflammation predicted more GM atrophy and specific aspects of clinical disability 10 years later. The findings suggest that subsequent long-term GM atrophy is mainly due to neuroaxonal degradation within new lesions.

• Sarjomaa, Marjut Anneli; Diep, Lien My; Zhang, Chi; Tveten, Yngvar; Reiso, Harald & Thilesen, Carina [Vis alle 14 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). SARS-CoV-2 antibody persistence after five and twelve months: A cohort study from South-Eastern Norway. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 17(8), s. 1–15. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264667. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objectives: To assess total antibody levels against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) spike protein up to 12 months after Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) infection in non-vaccinated individuals and the possible predictors of antibody persistence. Methods: This is the first part of a prospective multi-centre cohort study. Participants: The study included SARS-CoV-2 real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) positive and negative participants in South-Eastern Norway from February to December 2020. Possible predictors of SARS-CoV-2 total antibody persistence was assessed. The SARS-CoV-2 total antibody levels against spike protein were measured three to five months after PCR in 391 PCR-positive and 703 PCR-negative participants; 212 PCR-positive participants were included in follow-up measurements at 10 to 12 months. The participants completed a questionnaire including information about symptoms, comorbidities, allergies, body mass index (BMI), and hospitalisation. Primary outcome: The SARS-CoV-2 total antibody levels against spike protein three to five and 10 to 12 months after PCR positive tests. Results: SARS-CoV-2 total antibodies against spike protein were present in 366 (94%) non-vaccinated PCR-positive participants after three to five months, compared with nine (1%) PCR-negative participants. After 10 to 12 months, antibodies were present in 204 (96%) non-vaccinated PCR-positive participants. Of the PCR-positive participants, 369 (94%) were not hospitalised. The mean age of the PCR-positive participants was 48 years (SD 15, range 20-85) and 50% of them were male. BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 was positively associated with decreased antibody levels (OR 2.34, 95% CI 1.06 to 5.42). Participants with higher age and self-reported initial fever with chills or sweating were less likely to have decreased antibody levels (age: OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.94 to 0.99; fever: OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.75). Conclusion: Our results indicate that the level of SARS-CoV-2 total antibodies against spike protein persists for the vast majority of non-vaccinated PCR-positive persons at least 10 to 12 months after mild COVID-19.

• Andreassen, Silje; Solheim, Anne Marit; Ljøstad, Unn; Mygland, Åse Daasvand; Lorentzen, Åslaug Rudjord & Reiso, Harald [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Cognitive function in patients with neuroborreliosis: A prospective cohort study from the acute phase to 12 months post treatment. Brain and Behavior. ISSN 2162-3279. 12(6). doi: 10.1002/brb3.2608. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Long-term cognitive problems after neuroborreliosis treatment remain a subject of debate. We have previously shown that cognitive problems are not present in the acute phase of neuroborreliosis, although fatigue is common. The aim of this study was to re-assess the same patient cohort and evaluate long-term outcomes. Methods: In this follow-up, we re-assessed 58 patients with well-characterized neuroborreliosis 12 months after completing treatment. The same protocol with eight subtests measuring attention and processing speed and the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) were used to compare the results from the acute phase to 12 months post treatment. Results: We found no changes in attention or processing speed but a reduction in the level of fatigue (median score on FSS: 4.9 vs. 3.9, p < .001) from the acute phase to 12 months post treatment. Conclusion: The patient group did not develop problems with attention or processing speed post treatment, while the level of fatigue decreased.

• Lindland, Elisabeth Margrete Stokke; Solheim, Anne Marit; Dareez, Muhammad Nazeer; Eikeland, Randi; Ljøstad, Unn & Mygland, Åse Daasvand [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Enhancement of cranial nerves in Lyme neuroborreliosis: incidence and correlation with clinical symptoms and prognosis. Neuroradiology. ISSN 0028-3940. 64, s. 2323–2333. doi: 10.1007/s00234-022-02957-2. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Purpose Symptoms of cranial neuritis are a common presentation of Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB). Imaging studies are scarce and report contradictory low prevalence of enhancement compared to clinical studies of cranial neuropathy. We hypothesized that MRI enhancement of cranial nerves in LNB is underreported, and aimed to assess the prevalence and clinical impact of cranial nerve enhancement in early LNB. Methods In this prospective, longitudinal cohort study, 69 patients with acute LNB were examined with MRI of the brain. Enhancement of cranial nerves III–XII was rated. MRI enhancement was correlated to clinical fndings of neuropathy in the acute phase and after 6 months. Results Thirty-nine of 69 patients (57%) had pathological cranial nerve enhancement. Facial and oculomotor nerves were most frequently afected. There was a strong correlation between enhancement in the distal internal auditory canal and parotid segments of the facial nerve and degree of facial palsy (gamma=0.95, p<.01, and gamma=0.93, p<.01), despite that 19/37 nerves with mild-moderate enhancement in the distal internal auditory canal segment showed no clinically evident palsy. Oculomotor and abducens nerve enhancement did not correlate with eye movement palsy (gamma=1.00 and 0.97, p=.31 for both). Sixteen of 17 patients with oculomotor and/or abducens nerve enhancement had no evident eye movement palsy. Conclusions MRI cranial nerve enhancement is common in LNB patients, but it can be clinically occult. Facial and oculomotor nerves are most often afected. Enhancement of the facial nerve distal internal auditory canal and parotid segments correlate with degree of facial palsy.

• Knudtzen, Fredrikke Christie; Eikeland, Randi; Bremell, Daniel; Paulsen, Else Quist; Johansen, Isik Somuncu & Solheim, Anne Marit [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Lyme neuroborreliosis with encephalitis; a systematic literature review and a Scandinavian cohort study. Clinical Microbiology and Infection (CMI). ISSN 1198-743X. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.11.001. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Wesnes, Kristin; Myhr, Kjell-Morten; Riise, Trond; Kvistad, Silje Agnethe Stokke; Torkildsen, Øivind & Wergeland, Stig [Vis alle 17 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Low vitamin D, but not tobacco use or high BMI, is associated with long-term disability progression in multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders. ISSN 2211-0348. 50:102801, s. 1–7. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.102801. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Low vitamin D levels, tobacco use and high body mass index (BMI) have been linked to adverse disease outcomes in multiple sclerosis (MS), but their influence on long-term disability progression remains unclear. Therefore, we explored whether these modifiable lifestyle factors were associated with 10-year clinical disability progression in patients with MS. Methods: In this prospective study, a cohort of 88 patients with relapsing-remitting MS completed a randomized controlled study on ω-3 fatty acids between 2004 and 2008. During 24 months, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25 (OH)D), serum cotinine (nicotine metabolite), and BMI were repeatedly measured. In 2017, a follow-up study was conducted among 80 of the participants, including disability assessment by the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Linear regression was used to explore associations between the lifestyle factors and the EDSS change over 10 years. Results: Higher seasonally adjusted 25(OH)D levels were associated with lower 10-year EDSS progression (change in EDSS per 1 SD increase in 25(OH)D in a model adjusted for sex, age and baseline EDSS: -0.45 point, 95% CI: -0.75 to -0.16, p=0.003). Further adjustments for potential confounders related to lifestyle and disease status gave similar results. The association was mainly driven by low 25(OH)D levels during spring, as well as seasonally adjusted levels below 80 nmol/L. No clear association was found for BMI and cotinine. Conclusion: Lower 25(OH)D levels, but apparently not tobacco use or higher BMI, were significantly associated with worse long-term disability progression in MS.

• Andreassen, Silje; Lindland, Elisabeth Margrete Stokke; Solheim, Anne Marit; Beyer, Mona K.; Ljøstad, Unn & Mygland, Åse Daasvand [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Cognitive function, fatigue and Fazekas score in patients with acute neuroborreliosis. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases. ISSN 1877-959X. 12(3), s. 1–5. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101678. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Margos, Gabriele; Castillo-Ramírez, Santiago; Cutler, Sally; Dessau, Ram; Eikeland, Randi & Estrada-Peña, Agustin [Vis alle 19 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Rejection of the name Borreliella and all proposed species comb. nov. placed therein. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. ISSN 1466-5026. 70(5), s. 3577–3581. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004149.
• Eikeland, Randi; Ljøstad, Unn; Helgeland, Geir; Sand, Geir; Flemmen, Heidi Øyen & Bø, Margrete Halvorsen [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Patient-reported outcome after treatment for definite Lyme neuroborreliosis. Brain and Behavior. ISSN 2162-3279. 10(4), s. 1–7. doi: 10.1002/brb3.1595.
• Quist-Paulsen, Else; Ormaasen, Vidar; Kran, Anne-Marte Bakken; Dunlop, Oona Borghild; Ueland, Per Magne & Ueland, Thor [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Encephalitis and aseptic meningitis: short-term and long-term outcome, quality of life and neuropsychological functioning. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 9. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-52570-2. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Lindland, Elisabeth Margrete Stokke; Solheim, Anne Marit; Andreassen, Silje; Paulsen, Else Quist; Eikeland, Randi & Ljøstad, Unn [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Imaging in Lyme neuroborreliosis. Insight into Imaging. ISSN 1869-4101. 9(5), s. 833–844. doi: 10.1007/s13244-018-0646-x. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Smaradottir, Berglind; Eikeland, Randi; Reiso, Harald & Fensli, Rune Werner (2018). User-centered design of a national medical registry for tick-borne diseases. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. ISSN 2194-5357. 779, s. 99–108. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-94373-2_11. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Tick-borne diseases are increasing in a global perspective, with Lyme disease and tick-borne encephalitis as the most frequent. The Norwegian National Ad-visory Unit on Tick-borne Diseases is preparing the development of a national medical registry for clinical follow-up of patients with tick-borne diseases based on the best practice guidelines and for research purposes. This paper presents the methodological approach of a user-centered design process applied in the in-itial phase of the registry development. A user workshop identified user needs, requirements and proposed a service workflow for the registry operation. As the next step, a simulation of the proposed service workflow was performed in a clinical laboratory together with end-user groups. The main contribution of this paper lies on the methodological descriptions of the user-centered design pro-cess, and how to facilitate the active contribution of end-users in a technical de-velopment process within a health care context.

• Forselv, Kristine Johanne Nordstrøm; Lorentzen, Åslaug Rudjord; Ljøstad, Unn; Mygland, Åse; Eikeland, Randi & Kjelland, Vivian [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Does more favourable handling of the cerebrospinal fluid increase the diagnostic sensitivity of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato-specific PCR in Lyme neuroborreliosis? Infectious Diseases. ISSN 2374-4235. 50(4), s. 297–302. doi: 10.1080/23744235.2017.1399315.
• Lorentzen, Åslaug Rudjord; Forselv, Kristine Johanne Nordstrøm; Helgeland, Geir; Salvesen, Rigmor Elisabeth; Sand, Geir & Flemmen, Heidi Øyen [Vis alle 16 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Lyme neuroborreliosis: do we treat according to guidelines? Journal of Neurology. ISSN 0340-5354. 264(7), s. 1506–1510. doi: 10.1007/s00415-017-8559-z. Vis sammendrag

  Evidence-based guidelines, published in 2010, equate the efficacy of oral and intravenous antibiotics and recommend treatment duration of 2 weeks in early Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB) without encephalitis or myelitis. Further, the Norwegian health authorities give a general advice to choose oral rather than intravenous administration when proven effective, due to lower costs, fewer risks, and reduced patient inconvenience. In this study we aimed to chart LNB treatment practice in Norway and compare it to these recommendations. Adult patients diagnosed with definite LNB between 2007 and 2013 in 11 different hospitals in the four health regions in Norway were invited to answer a questionnaire regarding duration and administration of antibiotic treatment. A total of 253 patients answered. Median age at diagnosis was 59 years (range 19–83), and 125 (49%) were women. Duration of treatment was 1 week in 7 (3%) patients, 2 weeks in 81 (32%), 3 weeks in 62 (25%), 4 weeks in 48 (19%), 5 weeks in 12 (5%), ≥6 weeks in 29 (12%), and unknown in 14 (6%). Treatment was given orally in 77 (30%) patients, intravenously in 110 (44%), both orally and intravenously in 65 (26%), and unknown in one. Treatment practices differed between the health regions (p = 0.002). During the study period, there were no significant time trend neither with respect to proportion of patients treated for only 2 weeks (OR 0.899, p = 0.109) nor with respect to proportion of patients treated exclusively with oral antibiotics (OR 1.131, p = 0.074). In conclusion, there seem to be a gap between evidence-based recommendations and treatment practice of LNB in Norway.

• Roaldsnes, Erlend; Eikeland, Randi & Berild, Dag (2017). Lyme-nevroborreliose ved uspesifikke nevrologiske symptomer. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 137(2), s. 101–104. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.15.1115.
• Fell, Anne Kristin Møller; Eikeland, Randi & Aaseth, Jan (2016). En kvinne i 30-årene med hoste, tremor, uro og synsforstyrrelser. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 136(14-15), s. 1233–1235. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.15.0998. Vis sammendrag

  I 1970-årene kontaktet en kvinne som da var i 30-årene lege på grunn av intermitterende luftveisplager, økende tretthet, uro og synsforstyrrelser. Hun utviklet et sammensatt sykdomsbilde med symptomer fra flere organsystemer. Det skulle gå mer enn 30 år før den sannsynlige årsaken til plagene var identifisert.

• Eikeland, Randi; Mygland, Åse; Herlofson, Karen & Ljøstad, Unn (2013). Risk factors for a non-favorable outcome after treated European neuroborreliosis. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6314. 127(3), s. 154–160. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2012.01690.x.
• Eikeland, Randi; Ljøstad, Unn; Mygland, Åse; Herlofson, Karen & Løhaugen, Gro (2012). European neuroborreliosis: neuropsychological findings 30 months post-treatment. European Journal of Neurology. ISSN 1351-5101. 19(3), s. 480–487. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2011.03563.x.
• Juvkam, Kari Hilde & Eikeland, Randi (2011). En mann med akutt innsettende smerter i høre hofte og lår. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 131(9-10), s. 959–961. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.09.0750.
• Eikeland, Randi; Mygland, Åse; Herlofson, Karen & Ljøstad, Unn (2011). European neuroborreliosis: quality of life 30 months after treatment. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6314. 124(5), s. 349–354. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2010.01482.x.
• Riise, Trond; Kirkeleit, Jorunn; Aarseth, Jan Harald; Farbu, Elisabeth; Midgard, Rune & Mygland, Åse [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2011). Risk of MS is not associated with exposure to crude oil, but increases with low level of education. Multiple Sclerosis. ISSN 1352-4585. 17(7), s. 780–787. doi: 10.1177/1352458510397686.
• Ljøstad, Unn; Skogvoll, Eirik; Eikeland, Randi; Midgard, Rune; Skarpaas, Tone & Skarpaas, Tone [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2008). Oral doxycycline versus intravenous ceftriaxone for European Lyme neuroborreliosis: a multicentre, non-inferiority, double-blind, randomised trial. Lancet Neurology. ISSN 1474-4422. 7, s. 690–695. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70119-4.

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• Grødeland, Gunnveig; Fossum, Even; Eikeland, Randi; Stiansen, Yngve & Sigurdsen, Ina Marie (2024). Stoppa sal etter skepsis – ny vaksine nærmar seg. [Internett]. NRK.
• Tveiten, Anne Cecilie; Løhaugen, Gro; Gerstner, Thorsten Alfons; Eikeland, Randi & Skranes, Jon Sverre (2023). Presentation of a newly developed follow-up program based on psychoeducation of parents of children and adolescents with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). .
• Andreassen, Silje; Lindland, Elisabeth Margrete Stokke; Solheim, Anne Marit; Ljøstad, Unn; Mygland, Åse Daasvand & Reiso, Harald [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Cognitive function in patients with neuroborreliosis: A prospective follow-up from the acute phase to 12 months after treatment.
• Lindland, Elisabeth M.S.; Røvang, Martin Soria; Solheim, Anne Marit; Andreassen, Silje; Dareez, Muhammad Nazeer & Eikeland, Randi [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Brain White matter hyperintensities in neuroborreliosis. a case-control study.
• Eikeland, Randi (2023). Tick-borne diseases in the North Sea Region - a comprehensive overview and recommendations on diagnostic, treatment and management strategies .
• Christiansen, Atle; Kjelland, Vivian & Eikeland, Randi (2023). Nå er det høysesong for flåtten. Blodsugeren spiser bare tre ganger i løpet av livet. [Internett]. Forskning.no.
• Kjelland, Vivian & Eikeland, Randi (2023). Nå er det høysesong for flåtten. [Internett]. Universitetet i Agder.
• Eikeland, Randi (2023). Managment of tick-borne diseases.
• Eikeland, Randi (2023). Managment of tick-borne diseases.
• Eikeland, Randi (2023). Covita studien.
• Eikeland, Randi (2023). Lyme Borreliosis: recent progress and remaining challhenges 2.
• Eikeland, Randi (2023). Flåtten våkner til liv, er du forberedt?
• Eikeland, Randi (2023). Flåttbårne sykdommer, hva vet vi egentlig.
• Eikeland, Randi (2023). Flåttsituasjonen på Sørlandet, hva bør folk vite.
• Eikeland, Randi (2023). TBE og Borreliose.
• Eikeland, Randi (2023). Nevroborreliose.
• Eikeland, Randi (2023). Lyme Borreliosis recent progress and remaining challenges.
• Eikeland, Randi (2022). Nevroborreliose.
• Eikeland, Randi (2022). Post-Lyme Disease Syndrome: what is it and how to deal with it?
• Eikeland, Randi (2022). The different faces of borreliosis-in your brain?
• Eikeland, Randi (2022). Borrelia.
• Skisland, Anne Valen -Sendstad; Eikeland, Randi; Jeppestøl, Kristin & Øygarden, Halvor (2022). Våkn opp helseforetak, kommuner i Agder og sykepleiere. lokalavisen fedrelandsvennen.
• Reiso, Harald; Kerlefsen, Yvonne; Aase, Audun; Aaberge, Ingeborg Aase S. & Eikeland, Randi (2021). What should be done in case of suspected tick-borne diseases? Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. doi: 10.4045/tidskr.20.1006.
• Eikeland, Randi (2021). flere blir syke av flåttbitt. [Avis]. Romedals budstikke.
• Eikeland, Randi (2021). flått i nord. [Avis]. altaposten.
• Eikeland, Randi (2021). covita studien. [Avis]. fvn.no.
• Eikeland, Randi (2021). Misliker du flåtten? Nå kan det komme en løsning. [Internett]. nrk.viten.
• Eikeland, Randi (2021). Bekymret for pasientene. [Avis]. askøyvøringen.
• Eikeland, Randi (2021). Nevroborreliose. [Internett]. db.no.
• Eikeland, Randi (2021). sykdommer som smitter ved flåttbitt. [Internett]. tv2.no.
• Eikeland, Randi (2021). Infalmmasjon og infeskjon i nervesystemet.
• Eikeland, Randi (2021). Flåtten, hvor redde må vi være.
• Eikeland, Randi (2021). Et forskningseventyr med mange helter. Agderposten. ISSN 0805-3723.
• Eikeland, Randi (2021). Flått og flåttbårne sykdommer. [Radio]. Rikesdekkende Radio Plassen.
• Eikeland, Randi (2021). Flått. [Radio]. Riksdekkende Radio Ekko.
• Eikeland, Randi (2021). Hva spør legene Flåttsenteret om?
• Eikeland, Randi (2021). Nordic consensus on the assessment and follow-up of persons with long-term ailments after suspected tick-borne diseases.
• Eikeland, Randi (2021). choice of serological diagnostics in neuroinfections.
• Smaradottir, Berglind; Eikeland, Randi; Reiso, Harald & Fensli, Rune Werner (2018). User-Centered Design of a National Medical Registry for Tick-Borne Diseases.
• Forselv, Kristine Johanne Nordstrøm; Lorentzen, Åslaug Rudjord; Mygland, Åse Daasvand; Ljøstad, Unn; Eikeland, Randi & Kjelland, Vivian [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Improving diagnostics of Lyme neuroborreliosis – direct molecular detection of Borrelia in blood and cerebrospinal fluid.
• Fell, Anne Kristin Møller; Eikeland, Randi & Aaseth, Jan (2016). A woman in her thirties with cough, tremor, agitation and visual disturbances. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 14(136), s. 1233–1235. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.15.0998.
• Kristensen, Øistein; Eikeland, Randi & Pasareanu, Adrian Razvan (2015). Borreliose og psykiatrisk sykdom. BestPractice Psykiatri/Nevrologi/Geriatri. 24, s. 38–41.
• Kristensen, Øistein; Eikeland, Randi & Pasareanu, Adrian Razvan (2015). Borreliose og psykiatrisk sykdom. Best Practice Infeksjonsmedisin. 7, s. 32–35.
• Kirkeleit, Jorunn; Riise, Trond; Aarseth, Jan Harald; Farbu, Elisabeth; Midgard, Rune & Mygland, Åse [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2011). The Risk of Multiple Sclerosis Among Petroleum Workers Exposed to Crude Oil and Other Hydrocarbons. Epidemiology. ISSN 1044-3983. 22(1), s. S60–S60.
• Eikeland, Randi (2011). Nevroborreliose pasientinformasjon.
• Eikeland, Randi (2012). European neuroborreliosis - long term follow up. Health Related Quality of Life, neuropsychological performance and clinical status 30 moths after treated neuroborreliosis. Universitetet i Bergen. ISSN 978-82-308-2029-2.

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