Ingrid Lande

• Lande, Ingrid & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2024). The influence of hybrid fibre configuration on compressive properties of ultra-high-performance concrete, Proceedings of the 3rd fib Italy YMG Symposium on Concrete and Concrete Structures. The International Federation for Structural Concrete. ISSN 978-2-940643-22-6. s. 393–399.
• Lande, Ingrid ; Thorstensen, Rein Terje; Gudding Petersen, Berit & Martius-Hammer, Tor Arne (2024). Towards local Large-Scale Production of UHPC in Norway, Ultra-High Performance Concrete and High Performance Building Materials for Sustainability Construction. Kassel University Press GmbH. ISSN 978-3-7376-1159-6. s. 51–54. doi: doi:10.17170/kobra-202402059519.
• Lande, Ingrid ; O'Born, Reyn Joseph & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2024). Greenhouse Gas Emissions of UHPC Material Compositions, Ultra-High Performance Concrete and High Performance Building Materials for Sustainability Construction. Kassel University Press GmbH. ISSN 978-3-7376-1159-6. s. 101–104. doi: doi:10.17170/kobra-202402059519.
• Heimdal, Anette & Lande, Ingrid (2023). WORK RELEVANCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING EDUCATION. I Buck, Lyndon; Grierson, Hillary & Bohemia, Erik (Red.), DS 123: Proceedings of the International Conference on Engineering and Product Design Education (E&PDE 2023). The Design Society. ISSN 978-1-912254-19-4. doi: 10.35199/EPDE.2023.3. Vis sammendrag

  To develop the employees for the future we need to address the students of today. According to the World Economic Forum there are four types of skills that are needed for the jobs of tomorrow: problem-solving, self-management, how to work with people, and technology use and development. The Norwegian government states in the white paper “Education for restructuring – increased working relevance in higher education” (Meld. St. 16 (2020-2021)) that to prepare the students for the jobs of tomorrow the educational institutions need to decrease the gap between the academics and the industry. Consequently, the educational institutions need to increase the work relevance in the courses taught in the study programs. The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) did a study in 2018 to investigate how students managed the transition from student to employee. The study concluded that Norwegian higher education prepared the students for the industry. However, the same report stated that the Norwegian higher education lacks work relevance in their study programs. The white paper “Education for restructuring – increased working relevance in higher education” (Meld. St. 16 (2020-2021)) solely mentions internship as a work relevance, but also encourage study programs to find other ways of introducing work relevance in higher education. “Internship in Higher Education” points out challenges in implementing internship programs, such as diverse expectations, the required competencies to establish professional practice, inadequate resources from universities and students who struggle to secure a suitable internship experience. The Civil Engineering Department at the University of Agder have made various attempts to increase work relevance. Despite this, the students still rate the work relevance relatively low. Hence, this paper investigates what the students consider to be work relevant in their study, and what the students believe the study program could improve to better prepare them for the industry. Two surveys were distributed in the beginning of October 2022 to all the bachelor and master students in Civil Engineering at the University of Agder: one for the bachelor students and one for the master students. The result from the surveys indicates that the students find many of the courses and the design of the lectures to be work relevant. In addition, they rated the various measures of work relevance in their study, such as normal lectures, exercises, exams, laboratory work, project work, internship, software, small talk with lecturers and fellow students, excursions, and guest lectures. The students rated the measures from 1, meaning highly irrelevant, to 5, highly relevant. As expected, internship scored most ratings of 5 (63%). However, when we included the scores 4 (relevant) and 5 (highly relevant), the measure that was rated highest by the students was not internship. Interestingly, excursions (88%), laboratory work (82%) and projects (81%) scored higher than internship (79%). Internship can be difficult to organise for some study programs as it usually involves a considerable degree of effort and time. These findings could help study programs to improve their work relevance without going to the extent of implementing internship.

• Lande, Ingrid & Heimdal, Anette (2023). COMBATTING LONELINESS BY INTRODUCING A START-UP PROJECT FOR FIRST-YEAR STUDENTS. I Buck, Lyndon; Grierson, Hillary & Bohemia, Erik (Red.), DS 123: Proceedings of the International Conference on Engineering and Product Design Education (E&PDE 2023). The Design Society. ISSN 978-1-912254-19-4. doi: 10.35199/EPDE.2023.8. Vis sammendrag

  The first year of a student’s higher education significantly affects their performance and probability of completion. Tinto found that the first few weeks are critical for the students regarding motivation, connecting socially and connecting academically. Most of the students who decide to quit or drop out do so during the first weeks of their education. Thus, it is imperative to integrate students into their new academic environment as effectively as possible, meaning that universities must be aware of and utilize this window of opportunity to give the students a meaningful start. Every four years a survey is conducted to map how the students in Norway feel (SHoT). In recent years there has been an increase in reported loneliness amongst the students. In SHoT 2022 36% reported that they either miss someone to be with, feel left outside or feel isolated often or very often. This is an increase from 2018 where 30% of the students reported this. Another striking result from this research is that 34% report that they only have a few friends and 7% report that they do not have any friends. At the University of Agder the civil engineering first-year students, of both bachelor and master, were assigned a start-up project in their first week. This start-up project was designed by the some of the employees at the civil engineering department. The students were divided into groups of 4-5 students. The purpose of the start-up project was to design a small student cottage were functionality, sustainability and design comprised the main assessment criteria. They also had to build a model in a scale of 1:20. The students had three days to complete the project and presented their final products in front of the rest of their class, and a jury consisting of employees at the civil engineering department. After having the presentation of the final projects, a survey was distributed to the students. 88% rated the project as 4 (to a large degree) and 5 (to a very large degree) when it came to academic collaboration. Furthermore, when asked to which extent the project prompted a social arena and contributed to gaining new friends, 90% and 79% respectively, replied either 4 or 5. The results of this study can provide other educational institutions with insights on how to meet the first-year students, and how to provide a social arena. By having a start-up project which is both a theoretical and physical task, the students find other students to befriend and work with.

• Lande, Ingrid & Dyvesveen, Martin Skjerve (2023). ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ULTRA-HIGH-PERFORMANCE CONCRETE BRIDGES. Proceedings of the fib Symposium. ISSN 2617-4820. 2023(62), s. 25–33.
• Lande, Ingrid & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2023). Comprehensive sustainability strategy for the emerging ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) industry. Cleaner Materials. ISSN 2772-3976. 8. doi: 10.1016/j.clema.2023.100183. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The concrete industry is facing significant challenges in substantially reducing CO2 emissions, recycling waste materials and limiting the use of resources. Using ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is one of the many possible solutions to reduce the environmental impact of the concrete industry. Numerous approaches have been applied to meet the challenges of making and utilising UHPC more environmentally friendly; however, an overall approach is lacking. This study aims to fill this gap by constructing a strategy for more sustainable use of UHPC. The strategy is developed by first evaluating measures known from the conventional concrete industry concerning transferability to the UHPC industry. Subsequently, the approach is enrichened with measures targeting the special composition and properties of UHPC. The strategy suggested in the conclusion consists of the following tools: efficient use of cement, efficient use of steel fibres, circularity: utilise by-products, local production, and efficient use of UHPC in structures.

• Heimdal, Anette & Lande, Ingrid (2022). Various forms of executing peer reviews in civil engineering education. I Bohemia, Erik; Buck, Lyndon & Grierson, Hilary (Red.), DS 117: Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Engineering and Product Design Education (E&PDE 2022), London South Bank University in London, UK. 8th - 9th September 2022. The Design Society. ISSN 9781912254163. doi: 10.35199/EPDE.2022.
• Larsen, Ingrid Lande & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2021). Towards Efficient Use of Cement in Ultra High Performance Concrete. Nordic Concrete Research. ISSN 0800-6377. s. 81–105. doi: 10.2478/ncr-2021-0017. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This paper presents an investigation on substituting the cement content with an inert material, in a typical locally produced UHPC mix. A structured literature review was performed to enrichen the discussion and to benchmark the results towards already reported investigations in the research society. Investigations on cement substitution in UHPC are frequently reported. However, usually the cement is substituted with other binding materials – often pozzolanic by-products from other industries. Reports from investigations on the use of inert materials for cement substitution in UHPC seem scarce.

• Larsen, Ingrid Lande & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2021). Locally Produced UHPC: The Influence of Type and Content of Steel Fibres. Nordic Concrete Research. ISSN 0800-6377. 64(1), s. 31–52. doi: 10.2478/ncr-2021-0003. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Ultra-high performance concrete might be a competitive alternative to normal concrete for some purposes. But despite research efforts during decades, utilisation is still not widespread. Reasons include limited competence and material availability. This paper presents one step of a research initiative aimed at facilitating the use of UHPC in Norway. The step presented here comprises the accumulated results from investigations on the influence steel fibres (content, type, and hybrid combination) have on material strength and deformation behaviour of locally produced UHPC, made with constituents found in southern Norway. 231 specimens were tested, spanning nine UHPC mixes. Digital Image Correlation (DIC) was successfully used to study crack propagation. Compressive strength of 166 MPa and E-modulus of 46 GPa were obtained, not being influenced by fibre content. The flexural tensile strength was found to be strongly dependent on variations in steel fibre properties and mix design. The highest flexural tensile strength was obtained for prisms with micro straight steel fibres alone, or in 50% combination with macro hooked-end fibres. The experimental results are considered in a theory-informed discussion. Suggestions are made on the use of steel fibres in locally produced UHPC, potentially lowering the cost by 30%.

• Larsen, Ingrid Lande; Thorstensen, Rein Terje; Vertes, Katalin & Heimdal, Anette (2020). Strength and deformation behaviour of fibre reinforced UHPC; an experimental investigation using Digital Image Correlation (DIC). I Middendorf, Bernhard; Fehling, Ekkehard & Wetzel, A. (Red.), Proceedings of HiPerMat 2020 5th International Symposium on Ultra-High Performance Concrete and High Performance Construction Materials. Kassel University Press GmbH. ISSN 978-3-7376-0828-2. s. 139–140.
• Larsen, Ingrid Lande & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2020). The influence of steel fibres on compressive and tensile strength of ultra high performance concrete: A review. Construction and Building Materials. ISSN 0950-0618. 256. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119459. Vis sammendrag

  This review paper presents the effects of steel fibre reinforcement regarding the compressive and tensile strength of UHPC. The intention is to give an overview of the research field and supply guidance for future research. Relevant papers were identified through a systematic literature search. An accumulation of the results shows that fibres have potential for improving the tensile strength of UHPC. The effect depends on fibre content, type and hybrid combinations. The effect of fibres on compressive strength seems to be questionable. Variations in test specimen geometry and other factors might also influence the results.

• Vertes, Katalin; Larsen, Ingrid Lande & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2019). Numerical modelling of fibre-reinforced ultra-high-performance concrete. I Foster, Stephen; Gilbert, R. Ian; Mendis, Priyan; Al-Mahaidi, Riadh & Millar, David (Red.), Better, Smarter, Stronger: Proceedings for the 2018 fib Congress held in Melbourne, Australia, October 7-11, 2018. federation internationale du beton. s. 577–586.
• Larsen, Ingrid Lande; Thorstensen, Rein Terje & Vertes, Katalin (2019). Efficient use of fibres in UHPC - A structured scoping review. I Foster, Stephen; Gilbert, R. Ian; Mendis, Priyan; Al-Mahaidi, Riadh & Millar, David (Red.), Better, Smarter, Stronger: Proceedings for the 2018 fib Congress held in Melbourne, Australia, October 7-11, 2018. federation internationale du beton. s. 458–469.
• Larsen, Ingrid Lande; Terjesen, Otto; Thorstensen, Rein Terje & Kanstad, Terje (2019). Use of Concrete for Road Infrastructure: A SWOT Analysis Related to the three Catchwords Sustainability, Industrialisation and Digitalisation. Nordic Concrete Research. ISSN 0800-6377. 60(1), s. 31–50. doi: 10.2478/ncr-2019-0007. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This paper aims at identifying the direction for more sustainable development of the use of concrete in road infrastructure in an industrialised context. The increase in the global mean temperature is one of the most severe challenges today. The concrete industry is responsible for significant emissions of greenhouse gases, most attributable to cement production. However, concrete is one of the most important building materials in the world and indispensable for the societal development in countries at all development stages. Thus, the concrete industry needs to take measures for reducing emissions. This paper investigates possible directions for the development of the concrete industry, to reduce climatic impact and accommodate positive societal growth. The investigation is carried out as a SWOT analysis, focusing on three terms dominating the present discussion on any development within the construction industry; sustainability, industrialisation and digitalisation. The result is a thorough discussion and a set of recommendations for the direction of future research and innovation on sustainable use of concrete in the construction of road infrastructure. The major opportunities and threats are summarised in the conclusions, and future research to be carried out in two of the authors’ PhD-projects are described.

• Heimdal, Anette; Larsen, Ingrid Lande & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2019). The use of industrial networks to strengthen civil and structural engineering education; a survey-based investigation. I von Bohemia, Erik; Kovacevic, Ahmed; Buck, Lyndon; Brisco, Ross; Evans, Dorothy; Grierson, Hilary; Ion, William & Whitfield, Robert Ian (Red.), DS 95: Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Engineering and Product Design Education (E&PDE 2019), University of Strathclyde, Glasgow. 12th -13th September 2019. The Design Society. ISSN 978-1-912254-05-7. doi: 10.35199/epde2019.93. Vis sammendrag

  This paper investigates how involvement of university and students into industrial networks might gain both continuously development of education programs, and the learning outcomes of students within engineering education. Involvement of the Civil and Structural Engineering Education in the creation and early operation of an industrial network – the Agder division of “Young Professionals’ Concrete Network” (YBN) - is used as case. YBN are regional networks related to the Norwegian Concrete Association, organised and run by volunteers at a growing number of locations. The intension is to create networks for young professionals, focusing on all aspects of the use of concrete materials within engineering and construction. The Agder division of YBN was established during 2018, initiated and executed by stakeholders employed at the Civil and Structural Engineering Education, University of Agder in Norway, and from the local industry. Members are recruited amongst students and industrial employees in early stages of their career. Typical activities of YBN are lectures on requested topics, industrial demonstrations and excursions to construction sites. Industry is eager to deliver services without any cost for YBN. Members use the organisation to build competence, to participate in professional discussions and to create and maintain personal networks. This paper is based on a survey executed amongst members of the Agder division of YBN. The scope of the survey was to identify dividends generated from engaging in the network. The participants were asked to answer questions regarding outcomes from participation in different types of activities. The results from the survey identify learning outcomes and other dividends from participation in a network that includes students, university and young professionals from the industry. These findings are discussed to gain knowledge on how network engagement can be utilized to continuously improve the Civil and Structural Engineering Education, and to strengthen the competence of participating students and young professionals. As YBN is originating and run by stakeholders within the university, the generated knowledge is also used in a feed-back loop for improvement of the activities offered by the network.

• Larsen, Ingrid Lande; Heimdal, Anette & Norheim, Thomas (2018). Industrial driven student research; A case study on the potential for industrializing construction of bridges. I Bohemia, Erik; Kovacevic, Ahmed; Buck, Lyndon; Childs, Peter; Green, Stephen; Hall, Ashley & Dasan, Aran (Red.), Proceedings of E&PDE 2018 - 20th International Conference on Engineering and Product Design Education, Diversity or Conformity, Dyson School of Engineering, Imperial College, London. 6th - 7th September 2018. The Design Society. ISSN 9781912254026. s. 187–192. Vis sammendrag

  A series of pressures, whether real or perceived, such as accreditation, competition and financial restraints has led to standardisation and norming in the educational experience and output produced by universities across the world within a specific subject area. Nevertheless universities and their staff teams pride themselves on distinctiveness in the educational pathway and on the unique characteristics of their specific university and associated departments. This year’s conference theme Diversity or Conformity? aims to explore how educators tackle the seemingly dualistic relationship between diversity and conformity.

• Thorstensen, Rein Terje; Svennevig, Paul Ragnar & Larsen, Ingrid Lande (2018). Societal responsibility in Engineering Education; a case study on R&DI-cooperation within Civil Engineering. I Bohemia, Erik; Kovacevic, Ahmed; Buck, Lyndon; Childs, Peter; Green, Stephen; Hall, Ashley & Dasan, Aran (Red.), Proceedings of E&PDE 2018 - 20th International Conference on Engineering and Product Design Education, Diversity or Conformity, Dyson School of Engineering, Imperial College, London. 6th - 7th September 2018. The Design Society. ISSN 9781912254026. s. 338–343. Vis sammendrag

  A series of pressures, whether real or perceived, such as accreditation, competition and financial restraints has led to standardisation and norming in the educational experience and output produced by universities across the world within a specific subject area. Nevertheless universities and their staff teams pride themselves on distinctiveness in the educational pathway and on the unique characteristics of their specific university and associated departments. This year’s conference theme Diversity or Conformity? aims to explore how educators tackle the seemingly dualistic relationship between diversity and conformity.

• Thorstensen, Rein Terje; Larsen, Ingrid Lande & Svennevig, Paul Ragnar (2018). Pursuing diversity in Engineering education; a case study on R&DI-cooperation within Civil Engineering. I Bohemia, Erik; Kovacevic, Ahmed; Buck, Lyndon; Childs, Peter; Green, Stephen; Hall, Ashley & Dasan, Aran (Red.), Proceedings of E&PDE 2018 - 20th International Conference on Engineering and Product Design Education, Diversity or Conformity, Dyson School of Engineering, Imperial College, London. 6th - 7th September 2018. The Design Society. ISSN 9781912254026. s. 181–186. Vis sammendrag

  A series of pressures, whether real or perceived, such as accreditation, competition and financial restraints has led to standardisation and norming in the educational experience and output produced by universities across the world within a specific subject area. Nevertheless universities and their staff teams pride themselves on distinctiveness in the educational pathway and on the unique characteristics of their specific university and associated departments. This year’s conference theme Diversity or Conformity? aims to explore how educators tackle the seemingly dualistic relationship between diversity and conformity.

• Larsen, Ingrid Lande; Thorstensen, Rein Terje & Vertes, Katalin (2018). Lowering environmental impact from UHPC, utilizing industrial by-products. I Kohoutkova, Alena; Vitek, J; Frantova, Michaela & bily, Petr (Red.), Proceedings of the 12th fib International PhD symposium in Civil Engineering. Federation internationale du beton (fib). ISSN 978-80-01-06401-6. s. 93–101. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Larsen, Ingrid Lande; Aasbakken, Ida Granseth; O'Born, Reyn Joseph; Vertes, Katalin & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2017). Determining the Environmental Benefits of Ultra High Performance Concrete as Bridge Construction Material. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. ISSN 1757-8981. 245(5). doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/245/5/052096. Vis sammendrag

  Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC) is a material that is attracting attention in the construction industry due to the high mechanical strength and durability, leading to structures having low maintenance requirements. The production of UHPC, however, has generally higher environmental impact than normal strength concrete due to the increased demand of cement required in the concrete mix. What is still not sufficiently investigated, is if the longer lifetime, slimmer construction and lower maintenance requirements lead to a net environmental benefit compared to standard concrete bridge design. This study utilizes life cycle assessment (LCA) to determine the lifetime impacts of two comparable highway crossing footbridges spanning 40 meters, designed respectively with UHPC and normal strength concrete. The results of the study show that UHPC is an effective material for reducing lifetime emissions from construction and maintenance of long lasting infrastructure, as the UHPC design outperforms the normal strength concrete bridge in most impact categories.

• Thorstensen, Rein Terje; Heimdal, Anette; Larsen, Ingrid Lande & Hansen, Henrik Aas (2016). LCC and Carbon Footprint of Bridge made from locally produced UHPC, compared to Standard Concrete, Ultra-High Performance Concrete and High Performance Construction Materials. Kassel University Press GmbH. ISSN 9783737600941. s. 197–198.

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• Lande, Ingrid (2024). Bærekraftig betong – En del av klimaløsningen?
• Lande, Ingrid & Heimdal, Anette (2023). COMBATTING LONELINESS BY INTRODUCING A START-UP PROJECT FOR FIRST-YEAR STUDENTS.
• Lande, Ingrid & Dyvesveen, Martin Skjerve (2023). ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ULTRA-HIGH-PERFORMANCE CONCRETE BRIDGES.
• Lande, Ingrid (2023). Verstingbetong kan gi reduserte utslipp. [Internett]. Teknisk Ukeblad.
• Lande, Ingrid (2023). Månedens Betongprofil. [Internett]. Norsk Betongforening.
• Larsen, Ingrid Lande (2019). Det umulige landet – som blir mulig med betong.
• Heimdal, Anette; Larsen, Ingrid Lande & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2019). The use of industrial networks to strengthen civil and structural engineering education; a survey-based investigation.
• Larsen, Ingrid Lande & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2019). UHPC – Erfaringer fra Universitetet i Agder.
• Larsen, Ingrid Lande; Heimdal, Anette & Norheim, Thomas (2018). INDUSTRIAL DRIVEN STUDENT RESEARCH; A CASE STUDY ON THE POTENTIAL FOR INDUSTRIALIZING CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGES .
• Vertes, Katalin; Larsen, Ingrid Lande & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2018). NUMERICAL MODELLING OF FIBER-REINFORCED ULTRA-HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE.
• Larsen, Ingrid Lande; Thorstensen, Rein Terje & Vertes, Katalin (2018). EFFICIENT USE OF FIBERS IN UHPC – A STRUCTURED SCOPING REVIEW.
• Larsen, Ingrid Lande; Thorstensen, Rein Terje & Vertes, Katalin (2018). Lowering environmental impact from ultra high performance concrete, utilizing industrial by-products.
• Thorstensen, Rein Terje; Larsen, Ingrid Lande & Svennevig, Paul Ragnar (2018). PURSUING DIVERSITY IN ENGINEERING EDUCATION; A CASE STUDY ON RD&I-COOPERATION WITHIN CIVIL ENGINEERING.
• Thorstensen, Rein Terje; Larsen, Ingrid Lande & Svennevig, Paul Ragnar (2018). SOCIETAL RESPONSIBILITY IN ENGINEERING EDUCATION; A CASE STUDY ON RD&I-COOPERATION WITHIN CIVIL ENGINEERING.
• Larsen, Ingrid Lande; Norheim, Thomas Grevstad & Heimdal, Anette (2017). Standardisering av brokonstruksjoner.
• Larsen, Ingrid Lande; Heimdal, Anette & Norheim, Thomas (2017). Funn fra undersøkelse om standardisering av brokonstruksjoner for nasjonale hovedveier.
• Larsen, Ingrid Lande; Aasbakken, Ida Granseth; O'Born, Reyn Joseph; Vertes, Katalin & Thorstensen, Rein Terje (2017). Determining the Environmental Benefits of Ultra High Performance Concrete as a Bridge Construction Material. Vis sammendrag

  Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC) is a material that is attracting attention in the construction industry due to the high mechanical strength and durability, leading to structures having low maintenance requirements. The production of UHPC, however, has generally higher environmental impact than normal strength concrete due to the increased demand of cement required in the concrete mix. What is still not sufficiently investigated, is if the longer lifetime, slimmer construction and lower maintenance requirements lead to a net environmental benefit compared to standard concrete bridge design. This study utilizes life cycle assessment (LCA) to determine the lifetime impacts of two comparable highway crossing footbridges spanning 40 meters, designed respectively with UHPC and normal strength concrete. The results of the study show that UHPC is an effective material for reducing lifetime emissions from construction and maintenance of long lasting infrastructure, as the UHPC design outperforms the normal strength concrete bridge in most impact categories.

• Thorstensen, Rein Terje; Larsen, Ingrid Lande; Heimdal, Anette & Hansen, Henrik Aas (2016). LCC and carbon footprint of bridge made from locally produced UHPC, compared to standard concrete. Vis sammendrag

  This paper concerns the Life Cycle Cost (LCC) of a foot-bridge made of UHPC, compared towards a standard concrete (high quality) alternative. Life expectancy of the bridge is set to 100 years, in accordance with standard practice at the Norwegian Public Road Administration. The LCC analysis also discusses the impact of a future carbon tax. Alternative maintenance regimes are evaluated. To minimise the environmental impact, a UHPC is developed and documented with respect to durability and service life of construction. The specially made UHPC is composed from local materials, using only a by-product from crushing of gravel (filter dust) as aggregate. The LCC is in favour of the UHPC alternative. This is not because of the reduced requirements for maintenance. It stems from lower initial costs achieved through rational production and assembly of UHPC elements, heavily reducing on-site rig and processes. Prices are collected from industry, to secure relevance.

• Lande, Ingrid (2023). Approaches and strategy development towards more sustainable ultra-high-performance concrete. University of Agder. ISSN 978-82-8427-123-1. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The main research objective of this thesis is to investigate how the use of UHPC can contribute to improving the sustainability of the concrete industry by investigating alternative approaches and develop a comprehensive strategy. Some cost aspects have been discussed to indicate whether the strategy is commercially viable. The research involved six studies: Paper I describes a background study to identify directions for a more sustainable concrete industry. Papers II–V report on how approaches to improve sustainability influence the mechanical properties of UHPC. These studies include both literature reviews and experimental activities. Paper VI concludes the research by developing a comprehensive strategy to use UHPC for a more sustainable concrete industry. Because most of the CO2 emissions (about 95%) from UHPC materials originate from the production of cement and micro steel fibres, the more efficient use of these materials is a vital step. Several different approaches have been investigated and determined to be efficient. Some approaches identified from attempts aimed at achieving a more efficient application of cement in normal concrete may be transferred to UHPC. These include partial substitution with both binding and inert materials, combined with better particle packing. The use of steel fibres was observed to have the potential to be more effective by enhancing the pull-out properties using longer or deformed fibres and hybrid fibre combinations. The use of industrial by-products or construction and demolition waste as partial replacements for cement or as aggregates was also observed as being feasible. The local development and production of UHPC builds competence, which is vital for the widespread use of UHPC. The research concludes with the formulation of a comprehensive strategy on how the development and use of UHPC can contribute to improving the sustainability of the concrete industry.

• Larsen, Ingrid Lande; Heimdal, Anette & Norheim, Thomas Grevstad (2017). Standardisering av brokonstruksjon for nasjonale hovedveier. Universitetet i Agder.

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