Tommy Haugen

• Erikstad, Martin Kjeøen; Høigaard, Rune; Côté, Jean & Haugen, Tommy (2024). Youth sport coaches' perceptions of participating in the Transformational Coaching Workshop – A qualitative evaluation. International journal of sports science & coaching. ISSN 1747-9541. doi: 10.1177/17479541241260984.
• Schei, Gaute Sørensen; Haugen, Tommy & Høigaard, Rune (2024). Treneren som identitetsleder : En undersøkelse av sammenhengen mellom identitetsledelse og humorklima i norsk lagidrett. In Næss, Hans Erik (Eds.), Idrettsledelse i praksis. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISSN 9788202820794. p. 173–189.
• Aasland, Erik & Haugen, Tommy (2024). Klasseledelse i kroppsøving - en undersøkelse av ulike undervisningspraksiser. In Røynesdal, Øystein & Thorjussen, Ingfrid M. (Ed.), Kroppsøving i praksis: læreplanbegreper, klasseledelse og undervisningsmetode. Universitetsforlaget. ISSN 9788215063744. p. 77–92.
• Kristensen, Jan Åge; Haugen, Tommy & Ommundsen, Yngvar (2024). Supplement usage and doping attitudes in elite youth sports: The mediating role of dietary supplement acceptance. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 19(2). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297078. Show summary

  This study investigated whether dietary supplement acceptance mediated the relationship between supplement use and doping attitudes in youth sports. To this end, we employed a two-wave half-longitudinal design during a sports season (time point one [T1] to time point two [T2]). The sample consisted of 217 elite youth athletes (47% male; mean age = 16.98 years, standard deviation = 0.88) who competed in team sports (43%; N = 93; basketball, floorball, handball, and ice hockey) and individual sports (57%; N = 124; alpine skiing, biathlon, cross-country skiing, swimming, and tennis). The participants were recruited from eight Norwegian sports academy high schools that provide extracurricular, higher-level training and specialization for youth athletes. Results from structural equation modeling analysis indicated that dietary supplement acceptance (T2) mediated the positive relationship between supplement use (T1) and doping attitudes (T2) when accounting for prior levels of the mediator and the outcome variable. These findings suggest that when young athletes used dietary supplements at the start of the season to improve their performance, they were more likely to view the use of supplements as acceptable and to report more favorable attitudes toward doping at the end of the season six months later. For those seeking to prevent doping in youth sports, targeting athletes’ views on the acceptable use of dietary supplements may be important.

• Foster, Carl; Hanley, Brian; Barroso, Renato; Boullosa, Daniel; Casado, Arturo & Haugen, Tommy [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2023). Evolution of 1500-m Olympic Running Performance. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance (IJSPP). ISSN 1555-0265. 19(1), p. 62–70. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0289.
• Laxdal, Aron Gauti & Haugen, Tommy (2023). Where are the carrots? A proposal to start crediting the peer reviewers for their contribution to science. Learned Publishing. ISSN 0953-1513. doi: 10.1002/leap.1589.
• Malnes, Lena; Berntsen, Sveinung; Kolle, Elin; Ivarsson, Andreas; Dyrstad, Sindre Mikal & Resaland, Geir Kåre [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). School-based physical activity in relation to active travel – a cluster randomized controlled trial among adolescents enrolled in the school in motion study in Norway. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. ISSN 1479-5868. 20(1). doi: 10.1186/s12966-023-01534-x. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Active travel and school settings are considered ideal for promoting physical activity. However, previous research suggests limited effect of school-based interventions on overall physical activity levels among adolescents. The relationship between physical activity in different domains remains inconclusive. In this study, we examined the effects of adding two weekly hours of school-based physical activity on active travel rates. Method We analyzed data from 1370 pupils in the 9th-grade participating in the cluster RCT; the School In Motion (ScIM) project. Intervention schools (n = 19) implemented 120 min of class-scheduled physical activity and physical education, in addition to the normal 2 hours of weekly physical education in the control schools (n = 9), for 9 months. Active travel was defined as pupils who reported walking or cycling to school, while motorized travel was defined as pupils who commuted by bus or car, during the spring/summer half of the year (April–September), or autumn/winter (October–February). The participants were categorized based on their travel mode from pretest to posttest as; maintained active or motorized travel (“No change”), changing to active travel (motorized-active), or changing to motorized travel (active-motorized). Multilevel logistic regression was used to analyze the intervention effect on travel mode. Results During the intervention period, most participants maintained their travel habits. In total, 91% of pupils maintained their travel mode to school. Only 6% of pupils switched to motorized travel and 3% switched to active travel, with small variations according to season and trip direction. The intervention did not seem to influence the likelihood of changing travel mode. The odds ratios for changing travel habits in spring/summer season were from active to motorized travel 1.19 [95%CI: 0.53–2.15] and changing from motorized to active travel 1.18 [0.30–2.62], compared to the “No change” group. These findings were consistent to and from school, and for the autumn/winter season. Conclusion The extra school-based physical activity does not seem to affect rates of active travel among adolescents in the ScIM project.

• Kristensen, Jan Åge; Haugen, Tommy & Ommundsen, Yngvar (2023). Perceived social pressure and intention to play through injuries in junior ice hockey: The sporting environment matters. Journal of Sports Sciences. ISSN 0264-0414. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2273084. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Playing when injured is a risky yet common business among ice hockey players. Conceptualized within the framework of the theory of planned behaviour, the current cross-sectional study aimed to test a multiple-mediator model linking players’ perceived social pressure to their intention to play when injured. We tested whether social pressure is directly and indirectly (via attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control avoidance, and situational temptation) related to intention to play when injured. We recruited 186 junior players aged 16–20 years (mean age = 17.85; standard deviation = 1.35) from two Norwegian ice hockey leagues (under 18 and under 20 years of age). The data were analysed using a linear regression procedure and a bias-corrected bootstrapping technique to measure indirect effects. The results revealed a positive direct and indirect (via attitudes, subjective norms, and situational temptation) rela-tionship between players’ perceived social pressure and their intention to play when injured. In conclusion, players that perceived pressure to play despite being injured, who perceived positive consequences of doing so, who believed that people close or important to them approved of them doing so, and who perceived game-specific temptations, were more likely to report a stronger intent to play the game when injured.

• Schei, Gaute Sørensen; Høigaard, Rune; Erikstad, Martin Kjeøen; Ivarsson, Andreas & Haugen, Tommy (2023). Identity leadership and cohesion in elite sport: The mediating role of intra-team communication. Heliyon. ISSN 2405-8440. 9(7). doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17853. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  One perspective on leadership that has recently gained increased attention in sport is identity leadership; however, research on elite sport teams is still in its infancy. Thus, the main purpose of this research is to investigate identity leadership in elite team sports in relation to task cohesion, and subsequently to explore the mediating role of the intra-team communication dimensions of acceptance and distinctiveness. A cross-sectional design was employed and 441 elite athletes from division 1 and division 2 in handball and ice hockey participated in the present study. Structural equation modeling was used to assess relationships between identity leadership and task cohesion, and the mediating role of acceptance and distinctiveness. Results revealed that identity leadership positively predicted task cohesion, and that this relationship was mediated by intrateam communication acceptance. In conclusion, findings in the present study expand our understanding of performance-related benefits of identity leadership in elite sport.

• Pusey, Christopher Garry; Haugen, Tommy; Høigaard, Rune; Ivarsson, Andreas; Røshol, Andreas Waaler & Laxdal, Aron Gauti (2023). Put Some Music on: The Effects of pre-Task Music Tempo on Arousal, Affective State, Perceived Exertion, and Anaerobic Performance. Music & Science. ISSN 2059-2043. 6, p. 1–9. doi: 10.1177/20592043231174388. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Research on the ergogenic effects of music on athletic performance usually includes multiple antecedents simultaneously. Consequently, this study set out to isolate a single antecedent using a highly controlled experiment. More specifically, the aim of the study was to investigate the effect of pre-task, slow- and fast-tempo music on arousal, affective state, perceived exertion, and anaerobic rowing performance by isolating music tempo as the sole intrinsic musical factor. Forty young adults (male = 23, female = 17) participated in three trials where they all were exposed to no-music, slow-tempo, and fast-tempo music conditions in a randomized order. The music was exclusively composed for this study and equally novel for all participants. It was based on the same electronic track with a techno-orientation rendered to both 110 (slow-tempo) and 140 (fast-tempo) BPM. Following music exposure, the participants were momentarily asked to report levels of felt arousal and affective state before being instructed to perform a 30-s maximal rowing test on an ergometer. Upon completion of each rowing test, subjects were then asked to report their perceived exertion. Both fast- and slow-tempo pre-task music exposure led to increased arousal and positive affective state when compared to no music. Fast-tempo music led to a significantly higher mean power output than slow-tempo music. No significant differences were found for peak watt output or rating of perceived exertion when comparing all conditions. These findings suggest that exposure to pre-task music may offer positive psychological benefits prior to commencing anaerobic sporting tasks. Results also suggest that fast-tempo music may have an ergogenic effect on anaerobic performance.

• Haugen, Tommy & Moser, Thomas (2022). Hva er motorikk? In Kvikstad, Ingvild (Eds.), Motorikk i et didaktisk perspektiv. Gyldendal Akademisk. ISSN 9788205563001. p. 19–36.
• Haugen, Tommy & Aasland, Erik (2022). Motorikkrelaterte begreper i læreplaner i kroppsøving 1922-2020. In Kvikstad, Ingvild (Eds.), Motorikk i et didaktisk perspektiv. Gyldendal Akademisk. ISSN 9788205563001. p. 179–193.
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore; Haugen, Tommy & Erikstad, Martin Kjeøen (2022). Coping with external stressors in handball and football elite refereeing: The relationship with referee efficacy. Scandinavian Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology (SJSEP). ISSN 2596-741X. 4(1), p. 20–26. doi: 10.7146/sjsep.v4i1.129894. Show summary

  This study investigated the association between referee efficacy and self-reported coping with external stressors among elite handball and football referees. The participants were 224 Norwegian elite referees of handball (n = 111, m age = 35.3 years, 13.5% females) and football (113, m age = 30.8 years, 8% females) who had been referees for an average of 14.4 years (sd = 7.77 years; min: 4, max: 37) and a referee at the present level for 6.8 years (sd = 6.20 years, min: 1, max: 32). Referee self-efficacy was measured using the Norwegian version of the Referee Self-Efficacy Scale. Self-reported coping with external stressors was measured using responses to statements related to the referee’s self-perceived decision-making process in the presence of several sources of external stressors. Referee self-efficacy was positively associated with coping with external stressors (b = .24 (se = .11), p = .021). Football referees reported higher levels of coping with external stressors (b = .28 (se = .08), p = .001) than handball referees, and the number of years of elite refereeing was positively related to coping with external stressors. The findings provide evidence of a positive relationship between referee efficacy and coping with external stressors when making decisions. Keywords: Referee Self-Efficacy Scale, decision-making, social pressure, team sport referees

• Laxdal, Aron Gauti; Ivarsson, Andreas; Þorgeirsson, Sveinn & Haugen, Tommy (2022). Born to Score? The Relationship between Left-Handedness and Success from the 7-Meter Line. Symmetry. ISSN 2073-8994. 14(10). doi: 10.3390/sym14102163. Full text in Research Archive
• Laxdal, Aron Gauti; Ivarsson, Andreas; Sigurgeirsson, Ólafur & Haugen, Tommy (2022). Are the playoffs different from the regular season? A comparison of in-game statistics in Icelandic elite handball. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport. ISSN 2474-8668. p. 1–8. doi: 10.1080/24748668.2022.2115781. Full text in Research Archive
• Malnes, Lena Hansen; Haugen, Tommy; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann; Kolle, Elin & Berntsen, Sveinung (2022). Establishing the Convergent Validity of the Travel Habit Questions in the Health Behavior in School-Aged Children Questionnaire by Quantifying Active Travel in Norwegian Adolescents. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living. ISSN 2624-9367. 4. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2022.761723. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Active travel (cycling or walking to school) can be a substantial part of adolescents' daily physical activity. Research on transport activities primarily relies on self-reported indices of travel mode and travel time. However, many researchers do not report the psychometric properties of their instruments. The Health Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC) questionnaire is a commonly used instrument, but the items in this questionnaire on travel habits have not yet been validated. The present study was conducted to investigate the convergent validity and agreement between the HBSC items and a travel diary on (1) transport mode to and from school and (2) travel time to school. Methods: The study sample consisted of 50 participants in the 9th grade (15 ± 0.3 years, 62% girls) from seven Norwegian schools. Outcome variables included transport mode and travel time derived from the HBSC items and a five-day travel diary. Convergent validity was assessed by evaluating Cohen's kappa for travel mode and the correlation coefficient (Spearman Rho) for travel time. Simple agreement calculations between the two measurement methods were also conducted. Results: The association between the HBSC questionnaire and the diary for travel mode to and from school was κ = 0.63 (P < 0.001) and κ = 0.77 (P < 0.001), respectively. The total agreement between the HBSC questionnaire and the diary for was 78%. However, the agreement was higher for walking (88%) and cycling (91%) than for motorized transport (67%). For travel time, the Spearman correlation coefficient was ρ = 0.60 (P < 0.001) between the HBSC questionnaire and the diary. The total agreement on travel time was 67%; however, active commuters (86%) seemed to more accurately estimated travel time than motorized commuters (55%). Conclusion: Although the overall agreement between the HBSC questionnaire and the diary for mode of transport was 78%, the HBSC questionnaire may underestimate the prevalence of motorized transport compared to walking and cycling.

• Haugen, Tommy; Sandbakk, Øyvind; Seiler, Stephen & Tønnessen, Espen (2022). The Training Characteristics of World-Class Distance Runners: An Integration of Scientific Literature and Results-Proven Practice. Sports Medicine - Open. ISSN 2198-9761. 8, p. 1–18. doi: 10.1186/s40798-022-00438-7. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In this review we integrate the scientifc literature and results-proven practice and outline a novel framework for understanding the training and development of elite long-distance performance. Herein, we describe how fundamental training characteristics and well-known training principles are applied. World-leading track runners (i.e., 5000 and 10,000 m) and marathon specialists participate in 9±3 and 6±2 (mean±SD) annual competitions, respectively. The weekly running distance in the mid-preparation period is in the range 160–220 km for marathoners and 130–190 km for track runners. These diferences are mainly explained by more running kilometers on each session for marathon runners. Both groups perform 11–14 sessions per week, and ≥80% of the total running volume is performed at low intensity throughout the training year. The training intensity distribution vary across mesocycles and difer between marathon and track runners, but common for both groups is that volume of race-pace running increases as the main competition approaches. The tapering process starts 7–10 days prior to the main competition. While the African runners live and train at high altitude (2000–2500 m above sea level) most of the year, most lowland athletes apply relatively long altitude camps during the preparation period. Overall, this review ofers unique insights into the training characteristics of world-class distance runners by integrating scientifc literature and results-proven practice, providing a point of departure for future studies related to the training and development in the Olympic long-distance events.

• Schei, Gaute Sørensen; Haugen, Tommy; Jones, Gareth; Sæther, Stig Arve & Høigaard, Rune (2022). A Qualitative Exploration of Collective Collapse in a Norwegian Qualifying Premier League Soccer Match—The Successful Team's Perspective. Frontiers in Psychology. ISSN 1664-1078. 12. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.777597. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The current case study focused on a crucial match in the qualification for the Norwegian Premier League (Eliteserien). In the match, the participants of the study experienced a radical change in performance toward the end of the second half, from being behind by several goals to scoring 3 goals in 6 min and winning the qualifying game. The purpose of this study was therefore to examine the perceptions and reflections of players and coaches (sporting director) on what occurred within their own team and within the opposing team. The momentum shift in the opposition team can be described as a collective collapse. In the study, the theoretical collective collapse process model was used as a guide for the design of the interview questions where five semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants involved in the match (players, coach, and sporting director). The participants watched excerpt clips from the match to recall the main events, which they subsequently reflected on. The results highlighted the importance of the “before-game” aspects (i.e., pressure, first game result), the “during-the-game” behavior (i.e., goals scored, playing with a low degree of risk) and the cognitive (i.e., feelings of pressure, despair) and emotional reactions (i.e., frustration, joy) to the match unfolding. In addition, social contagion processes were evident in both teams relating to emotion and behavior. Overall, the data from this study investigated the general structure of the process model of collective sport team collapse and found support for the notion of a temporal cascade of causes for a team collapse. Future research is encouraged to examine this model, to provide guidance to teams, coaches, and sport psychologists in order to make recommendations for dealing with collective collapse in sport teams.

• Hovdal, Dag Ove Granås; Haugen, Tommy; Larsen, Inger Beate & Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2021). “It’s Not Just About the Activity, It’s Also About How the Activity is Facilitated”: Investigating Students’ Experiences in Two Competitive Situations in Physical Education. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research. ISSN 0031-3831. doi: 10.1080/00313831.2021.2006306. Full text in Research Archive
• Haugen, Tommy; Erdvik, Irina Burchard; Laxdal, Aron Gauti; Kloster, Benjamin Wang & Säfvenbom, Reidar (2021). Forholdet mellom elevers motivasjon for kroppsøvingsfaget, motivasjonsklima og tilhørighet i kroppsøvingstimene, og deres intensjon om å være fysisk aktive etter endt obligatorisk skolegang. Journal for Research in Arts and Sports Education. ISSN 2535-2857. 5(3), p. 65–85. doi: 10.23865/jased.v5.3285. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Studiens hensikt var å undersøke forholdet mellom elevers tilhørighet i kroppsøvingstimene, deres opplevelse av motivasjonsklimaet i faget og deres intensjon om å være fysisk aktive etter endt obligatorisk skolegang, samt å undersøke i hvilken grad autonom og kontrollert motivasjon medierte det ovennevnte forholdet. Tverrsnittsdata fra 2610 avgangselever ved ungdoms- og videregående skoler fra fire forskjellige geografiske områder i Norge dannet grunnlaget for mediasjonsanalysen. Denne målte indirekte effekter ved hjelp av en bias-korrigert bootstrapping metode. Resultatene viste at opplevd tilhørighet og opplevd mestringsklima i faget var positivt assosiert med elevers intensjoner om å være fysisk aktive etter endt skolegang, både uavhengig av og mediert gjennom elevenes autonome motivasjon. Prestasjonsklima var imidlertid negativt assosiert med intensjon gjennom amotivasjon, og positivt assosiert med intensjon gjennom kontrollert motivasjon. Studien viser at opplevelser av gode relasjoner mellom alle deltakende parter i kroppsøvingstimene, samt mestringsorientert motivasjonsklima, kan være viktig for en fysisk aktiv livsstil gjennom intensjon om fysisk aktivitet etter endt skolegang.

• Schei, Gaute Sørensen; Haugen, Tommy; Stenling, Andreas; Grøtting, Anniken; Peters, Derek Melville & Høigaard, Rune (2021). Development and Initial Validation of the Humor Climate in Sport Scale. Frontiers in Psychology. ISSN 1664-1078. 12, p. 1–15. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.692892. Full text in Research Archive
• Erikstad, Martin Kjeøen; Høigaard, Rune; Côté, Jean; Turnnidge, Jennifer & Haugen, Tommy (2021). An Examination of the Relationship Between Coaches’ Transformational Leadership and Athletes’ Personal and Group Characteristics in Elite Youth Soccer. Frontiers in Psychology. ISSN 1664-1078. 12. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.707669. Full text in Research Archive
• Åvitsland, Andreas; Leibinger, Eva; Kolle, Elin; Haugen, Tommy & Dyrstad, Sindre Mikal (2021). Associations between changes in physical fitness and psychological difficulties status among Norwegian adolescents. Mental Health and Physical Activity. ISSN 1755-2966. 21. doi: 10.1016/j.mhpa.2021.100411. Full text in Research Archive
• Haugen, Tommy; Peters, Derek Melville; Ommundsen, Yngvar; Martin, Luc J.; Stenling, Andreas & Høigaard, Rune (2021). Psychometric Evaluation of the Norwegian Versions of the Modified Group Environment Questionnaire and the Youth Sport Environment Questionnaire. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science. ISSN 1091-367X. 25(4), p. 365–378. doi: 10.1080/1091367X.2021.1917414. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This study aimed to translate the modified Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ) and the Youth Sport Environment Questionnaire (YSEQ) into Norwegian, examine the factor structure and reliability of the scales through independent clusters model confirmatory factor analysis (ICM-CFA) and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM), and examine differential item functioning (DIF) as a function of sex. Three-hundred-and-thirty-three athletes (M(SD)age = 18.7(2.60) years; 33% females) completed the GEQ. Three-hundred-and-three athletes (M(SD)age = 15.0(1.48) years; 26% females) completed the YSEQ. Results indicated acceptable fit indices for a four-factor, a secondorder two-factor (task and social), and a second order one-factor ESEM model for the GEQ. Crossloadings and high latent factor correlations are issues in need of attention. The study supported the structural validity and reliability of the Norwegian YSEQ, with no major differences between the ICM-CFA and ESEM. No evidence of DIF as a function of sex was identified in either of the scales.

• Hovdal, Dag Ove Granås; Haugen, Tommy; Larsen, Inger Beate & Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2021). Students’ experiences and learning of social inclusion in team activities in physical education. European Physical Education Review. ISSN 1356-336X. 27(4), p. 889–907. doi: 10.1177/1356336X211002855. Full text in Research Archive
• Erikstad, Martin K.; Johansen, Bjørn Tore; Johnsen, Marius; Haugen, Tommy & Côté, Jean (2021). "As many as possible for as long as possible" - A case study of a soccer team that fosters multiple outcomes. The Sport Psychologist. ISSN 0888-4781. 35(2), p. 131–141. doi: 10.1123/TSP.2020-0107. Full text in Research Archive
• Hovdal, Dag Ove Granås; Larsen, Inger Beate; Haugen, Tommy & Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2020). Understanding disruptive situations in physical education: Teaching style and didactic implications. European Physical Education Review. ISSN 1356-336X. 27(3), p. 455–472. doi: 10.1177/1356336X20960498. Full text in Research Archive
• Haugen, Tommy; Riesen, Jan Frederik; Østrem, Ketil; Høigaard, Rune & Erikstad, Martin Kjeøen (2020). The Relationship Between Motivational Climate and Personal Treatment Satisfaction Among Young Soccer Players in Norway: The Moderating Role of Supportive Coach-Behaviour. Sports. ISSN 2075-4663. 8(12). doi: 10.3390/sports8120162. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Motivational climate and coach-behaviour seem important to understand sport involvement and participation. However, less is known about the potential interaction between these facets, and how it relates to athlete satisfaction. This study’s purpose is to examine the relationship between the perceived motivational climate, supportive coach-behaviour, and athletes’ personal treatment satisfaction among young soccer players. More specifically, we investigated the moderating effect of supportive coach-behaviour on the relationship between motivational climate and personal treatment satisfaction. Five hundred and thirty-two players (Mean age = 15.4 years, SD = 1.2) attending a Norwegian national soccer tournament participated in the study. Self-completion questionnaires were used to attain data. A linear regression analysis revealed that mastery of climate and supportive coach-behaviour were positively associated with personal treatment satisfaction. A negative association was found between performance climate and personal treatment satisfaction. Further, moderation analyses revealed that supportive coach-behaviour moderated the relationship between performance climate and personal treatment satisfaction. The findings indicate that a performance climate may not be as maladaptive when coaches provide supportive behaviour. The findings highlight the value of a further examination of the interaction between motivational climate and coaching behaviours, and its potential relations to young athlete’s sport experience.

• Erdvik, Irina Burchard; Haugen, Tommy; Ivarsson, Andreas & Säfvenbom, Reidar (2020). The temporal relations of adolescents' basic need satisfaction in physical education and global self-worth. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology (JSEP). ISSN 0895-2779. 42(6), p. 480–489. doi: 10.1123/JSEP.2019-0030. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This study investigated the temporal relations of adolescents’ basic need satisfaction in physical education (PE) and global self-worth in a sample of 3,398 lower and upper secondary school students (49% boys, 51% girls, average age T1 = 15.00, SD = 1.79). Four models and competing hypotheses were tested, and the model with bidirectional paths specified showed the best fit to the data. The bidirectional effect estimates suggest not only that basic need satisfaction in PE predicts global self-worth development but also that adolescents’ perceptions of global self-worth predict the degree to which they experience basic need satisfaction in PE. Findings could suggest that students with low global self-worth are less sensitive to basic need support in PE. These students may need personally tailored need-supportive initiatives in order to develop basic need satisfaction in PE and, thus, global self-worth through PE.

• Haugen, Tommy; Pels, Fabian; Gysland, Terje Stålesen; Hartvigsen, Finn Kristian & Høigaard, Rune (2020). Racing with superior and inferior team-members: an experimental test of effort changes in a cycling team sprint. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. ISSN 1612-197X. doi: 10.1080/1612197X.2020.1827001.
• Hovland, Dag Ove; Larsen, Inger Beate; Haugen, Tommy & Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2020). Understanding disruptive situations in physical education: Teaching style and didactic implications. European Physical Education Review. ISSN 1356-336X. p. 1–17. doi: 10.1177/1356336X20960498. Full text in Research Archive
• Åvitsland, Andreas; Leibinger, Eva; Haugen, Tommy; Lerum, Øystein; Solberg, Runar Barstad & Kolle, Elin [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2020). The association between physical fitness and mental health in Norwegian adolescents. BMC Public Health. ISSN 1471-2458. 20. doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-08936-7. Full text in Research Archive
• Laxdal, Aron Gauti; Mjåtveit, Atle; Leibinger, Eva; Haugen, Tommy & Giske, Rune (2019). Self-regulated Learning in Physical Education: An Analysis of Perceived Teacher Learning Support and Perceived Motivational Climate as Context Dependent Predictors in Upper Secondary School. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research. ISSN 0031-3831. doi: 10.1080/00313831.2019.1689164. Full text in Research Archive
• Erdvik, Irina Burchard; Haugen, Tommy; Ivarsson, Andreas & Säfvenbom, Reidar (2019). Development of basic psychological need satisfaction in physical education - Effects of a two-year PE programme. Journal for Research in Arts and Sports Education. ISSN 2535-2857. 3(2), p. 4–21. doi: 10.23865/jased.v3.1375. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Research shows that sports-active students experience more basic need satisfaction (autonomy, competence, relatedness) in physical education (PE) than their non-sports-active peers, and thus, reap most of the benefits of PE. This study aimed to investigate the role of a two-year PE programme, referred to as Interest-based PE, in contributing to students’ basic need satisfaction in PE, and in particular, to assess potential basic needs-benefits among students who were not involved in leisure-time sport. Among 693 students, 348 were offered a choice of two different PE approaches (“explorative” vs. “sports” approach) for the next two years, while the remaining students continued to receive traditional PE. Girls, non-sports-active students, and students who experienced less need satisfaction in PE at baseline were more likely to choose the explorative approach, thereby signifying a wish for a less sports-centred PE. However, no significant differences in autonomy, competence, and relatedness need satisfaction were identified between Interest-based PE groups and their respective control groups over the course of the programme. Sports active students experienced more gains in relatedness need satisfaction than non-sports active students over the course of the programme, suggesting that challenges in promoting equal opportunities for learning in PE may require more than “Interest-based PE”.

• Erdvik, Irina Burchard; Haugen, Tommy; Ivarsson, Andreas & Säfvenbom, Reidar (2019). Global Self-Worth among Adolescents: The Role of Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction in Physical Education. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research. ISSN 0031-3831. doi: 10.1080/00313831.2019.1600578. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Global self-worth is important for healthy development and learning, and is therefore highlighted as a major aim in the Norwegian physical education (PE) curriculum. Based on prior research this study aimed to assess potential differences in global self-worth and contextual basic need satisfaction among 2854 adolescents (47.5% boys, 52.5% girls, ages 13 and 16) participating in different movement contexts, and to determine whether basic need satisfaction in PE relates to global self-worth. Structural equation modeling analyses indicate that basic need satisfaction in PE relates significantly to global self-worth. However, adolescents who do not participate in movement contexts outside school report significantly lower basic need satisfaction in PE compared to their sports-active peers, and could possibly therefore experience reduced global self-worth development through PE. Findings support research showing that sports active youth reap most of the benefits of PE, and thus, that PE violates the principles of equal education.

• Erikstad, Martin Kjeøen; Haugen, Tommy & Høigaard, Rune (2018). Positive environments in youth football:Perceived justice and coach feedback as predictors of athletes’ needs satisfaction. German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research. ISSN 2509-3142. 48, p. 263–270. doi: 10.1007/s12662-018-0516-1.
• Haugen, Tommy & Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2018). Difference in physical fitness in children with initially high and low gross motor competence: A ten-year follow-up study. Human Movement Science. ISSN 0167-9457. 62, p. 143–149. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2018.10.007.
• Erikstad, Martin Kjeøen; Martin, Luc J.; Haugen, Tommy & Høigaard, Rune (2018). Group cohesion, needs satisfaction, and self-regulated learning: A one-year prospective study of elite youth soccer players' perceptions of their club team. Psychology of Sport And Exercise. ISSN 1469-0292. 39, p. 171–178. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.08.013.
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore; Ommundsen, Yngvar & Haugen, Tommy (2018). Referee efficacy in the context of Norwegian soccer referees – A meaningful construct? Psychology of Sport And Exercise. ISSN 1469-0292. 38, p. 184–191. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.06.013. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives: The purpose of this study was two-fold. Firstly, to examine the measurement/factorial validity and invariance of the Referee Self-Efficacy Scale (REFS) among Norwegian soccer referees. Secondly, extending scale validation, we also tested a structural model in which a second-order version of the REFS was modelled to mediate a set of theoretically informed antecedents and outcomes. Design: Cross-sectional. Method: One hundred and eleven Norwegian elite referees and 81 non-elite referees completed an electronic questionnaire measuring expected antecedents and outcomes of perceived self-efficacy in the role as referees. Results: Analyses provided support for the first – and second order versions of the REFS scale as well as for scale invariance. Further, a task goal and experience as referee related positively to referee positive affect, mediated by referee efficacy. Unexpectedly, physical preparation related directly to positive affect, whereas no mediation effects or direct effects for mental preparation and ego goal were observed. Conclusions: Measurement/factorial validity and invariance of the REFS were fully supported. Validity of the scale in mediation model by Guillén and Feltz (2011) was only partly supported.

• Reinboth, Michael Sæther; Haugen, Tommy; Solheim, Sondre Risdal & Høigaard, Rune (2018). Hva sier de til seg selv? En kvasieksperimentell studie av triatlonutøveres selvsnakk under konkurranse. In Haugen, Tommy & Høigaard, Rune (Ed.), Trender i idrettspsykologisk forskning i Skandinavia. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISSN 978-82-02-59690-3. p. 145–161. doi: 10.23865/noasp.39.ch7.
• Haugen, Tommy; Salvesen, Kjetil Marius Ulland & Høigaard, Rune (2018). Effekt av feedback på kollektiv mestringstro og sosial loffing i et sykkeleksperiment. In Haugen, Tommy & Høigaard, Rune (Ed.), Trender i idrettspsykologisk forskning i Skandinavia. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISSN 978-82-02-59690-3. p. 239–255. doi: 10.23865/noasp.39.ch12.
• Haugen, Tommy; Salvesen, Kjetil Marius Ulland & Høigaard, Rune (2018). Prinsipper ved test–retest-reliabilitet: Test av protokoll for maksimal innsats på sykkelrulle med ett minutts varighet. In Haugen, Tommy & Høigaard, Rune (Ed.), Trender i idrettspsykologisk forskning i Skandinavia. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISSN 978-82-02-59690-3. p. 225–238. doi: 10.23865/noasp.39.ch11.
• Erikstad, Martin Kjeøen; Høigaard, Rune; Johansen, Bjørn Tore; Kandala, Ngianga-Bakwin & Haugen, Tommy (2018). Childhood football play and practice in relation to self-regulation and national team selection; a study of Norwegian elite youth players. Journal of Sports Sciences. ISSN 0264-0414. 36(20), p. 2304–2310. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1449563.
• Johansen, Bjørn Tore; Mæhle, Martine; Oland, Øyvind & Haugen, Tommy (2017). “Being together in the locker room is great, but showering together – just forget it!” The Janus Face of the Wardrobe Practice in Physical Education . International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research (ILJTER). ISSN 1694-2493. 16(10), p. 41–57. doi: 10.26803/ijlter.16.10.4.
• Høigaard, Rune; Haugen, Tommy; Johansen, Bjørn Tore & Giske, Rune (2017). Team identity in youth soccer: The role of coaches’ feedback patterns and use of humour. International journal of sports science & coaching. ISSN 1747-9541. 12(6), p. 697–707. doi: 10.1177/1747954117738843.
• Vernegaard, Kristian; Johansen, Bjørn Tore & Haugen, Tommy (2017). Students’ motivation in a disc golf-lesson and a soccer-lesson: An experimental study in the Physical Education setting. Journal for Research in Arts and Sports Education. ISSN 2535-2857. 1, p. 32–46. doi: 10.23865/jased.v1.629.
• Giske, Rune; Rodahl, Stein Edgar; Haugen, Tommy & Høigaard, Rune (2017). Shared mental models, role ambiguity, team identification and social loafing in elite sports groups: A mediation analysis. Sport & Exercise Psychology Review. ISSN 1745-4980. 13(2).
• Aanensen, Mari; Haugen, Tommy & Kiland, Charlotte (2016). Mindfulness som intervensjon for å forebygge og redusere sykefravær. Ergoterapeuten. ISSN 0800-3475. 5, p. 42–55.
• Stea, Tonje Holte; Haugen, Tommy; Berntsen, Sveinung; Guttormsen, Vigdis; Øverby, Nina Cecilie & Haraldstad, Kristin [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2016). Using the Intervention Mapping protocol to develop a family-based intervention for improving lifestyle habits among overweight and obese children: study protocol for a quasi-experimental trial. BMC Public Health. ISSN 1471-2458. 16:1092, p. 1–15. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3766-6. Full text in Research Archive
• Giske, Rune; Haugen, Tommy & Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2016). Training, mental preparation, and unmediated practice among soccer referees: An analysis of elite and sub-elite referees’ reported practice. International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences. ISSN 1598-2939. 28(1), p. 31–41. doi: 10.24985/ijass.2016.28.1.31.
• Vindholmen, Solveig; Høigaard, Rune; Haugen, Tommy & Seiler, Stephen (2016). Does mindfulness affect participants’ response to a vocational rehabilitation program? Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine. ISSN 2164-2850. 4(1), p. 91–113. doi: 10.1080/21642850.2016.1179120.

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• Haugen, Tommy & Høigaard, Rune (2018). Trender i idrettspsykologisk forskning i Skandinavia. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISBN 978-82-02-59690-3. 265 p.

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• Haugen, Tommy; Høigaard, Rune; Côté, Jean; Turnnidge, Jennifer; Stenling, Andreas & Erikstad, Martin Kjeøen (2023). Development and initial validation of the Transformational Coaching Scale.
• Erikstad, Martin Kjeøen; Høigaard, Rune; Côté, Jean & Haugen, Tommy (2023). Youth sport coaches’ perceptions of participating in the Transformational Coaching Workshop - A qualitative study .
• Haugen, Tommy & Erikstad, Martin Kjeøen (2023). Dette kjennetegner de beste idrettsutøverne . Fædrelandsvennen. ISSN 0805-3790.
• Laxdal, Aron Gauti & Haugen, Tommy (2023). Slutt å si «bra jobbet» . Fædrelandsvennen. ISSN 0805-3790.
• Haugen, Tommy & Laxdal, Aron Gauti (2023). Hvordan (bort)forklarer vi dårlige prestasjoner? . Fædrelandsvennen. ISSN 0805-3790.
• Andersen, Eivin Kragholm & Haugen, Tommy (2023). Når kroppsøving egentlig er ballspill . Fædrelandsvennen. ISSN 0805-3790.
• Andersen, Eivin Kragholm; Haugen, Tommy & Laxdal, Aron Gauti (2023). Når kroppsøving egentlig er ballspill. Fædrelandsvennen. ISSN 0805-3790.
• Andersen, Eivin Kragholm; Haugen, Tommy & Laxdal, Aron Gauti (2023). Når kroppsøving egentlig er ballspill. Sunnmørsposten. ISSN 1503-9056.
• Andersen, Eivin Kragholm; Haugen, Tommy & Laxdal, Aron Gauti (2023). Når kroppsøving egentlig er ballspill. Romsdals Budstikke.. ISSN 0806-5160.
• Andersen, Eivin Kragholm; Haugen, Tommy & Laxdal, Aron Gauti (2023). Når kroppsøving egentlig er ballspill. iTromsø.
• Andersen, Eivin Kragholm; Haugen, Tommy & Laxdal, Aron Gauti (2023). Når kroppsøving egentlig er ballspill. Folkebladet.no.
• Laxdal, Aron Gauti & Haugen, Tommy (2023). Slutt å si «bra jobbet». Sunnmørsposten. ISSN 1503-9056.
• Laxdal, Aron Gauti & Haugen, Tommy (2023). Slutt å si «bra jobbet». Romsdals Budstikke.. ISSN 0806-5160.
• Laxdal, Aron Gauti & Haugen, Tommy (2023). Slutt å si «bra jobbet». Folkebladet.no.
• Laxdal, Aron Gauti & Haugen, Tommy (2023). Slutt å si «bra jobbet». iTromsø.
• Laxdal, Aron Gauti & Haugen, Tommy (2023). Slutt å si «bra jobbet». Stavanger Aftenblad. ISSN 0804-8991.
• Laxdal, Aron Gauti & Haugen, Tommy (2023). Slutt å si «bra jobbet». lokalavisen fedrelandsvennen.
• Haugen, Tommy; Tønnessen, Espen; Sandbakk, Silvana Bucher & Sandbakk, Øyvind Bucher (2023). Training Quality-An Unexplored Domain in Sport Science. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance (IJSPP). ISSN 1555-0265. 18(3), p. 221–222. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0500.
• Haugen, Tommy & Høigaard, Rune (2022). Når ikke alle tar i et tak .
• Haugen, Tommy & Høigaard, Rune (2022). Lidenskapens pris .
• Hansen, Bjørge Hermann & Haugen, Tommy (2022). Tren din syvende sans . lokalavisen fedrelandsvennen.
• Sigvartensen, Kristian K.; Sæther, Stig Arve; Haugen, Tommy; Erikstad, Martin Kjeøen; Peters, Derek Melville & Høigaard, Rune (2022). Elite team sport athletes’ perceptions and experiences of destructive coach leadership behaviour.
• Schei, Gaute Sørensen; Haugen, Tommy & Høigaard, Rune (2022). Når lagene smitter hverandre . Fædrelandsvennen. ISSN 0805-3790.
• Haugen, Tommy & Høigaard, Rune (2022). Lidenskapens pris . Fædrelandsvennen. ISSN 0805-3790.
• Høigaard, Rune & Haugen, Tommy (2022). Når ikke alle tar i et tak. Fædrelandsvennen. ISSN 0805-3790.
• Østerlie, Ove & Haugen, Tommy (2022). [Podcast, krø.no] Artikkelklubben 10 – Forholdet mellom elevers motivasjon for kroppsøvingsfaget og fysisk aktivitet etter endt skolegang. [Internet]. www.krø.no.
• Haugen, Tommy (2021). «One size does not fit all» . Sunnmørsposten. ISSN 1503-9056.
• Erikstad, Martin Kjeøen & Haugen, Tommy (2021). Hva skal til for å spille i EM? . Sunnmørsposten. ISSN 1503-9056.
• Erikstad, Martin Kjeøen & Haugen, Tommy (2021). Hva skal til for å spille i EM? . Adresseavisen. ISSN 0805-3804.
• Haugen, Tommy (2021). «One size does not fit all» . Adresseavisen. ISSN 0805-3804.
• Haugen, Tommy (2021). «One size does not fit all» . Romsdals Budstikke.. ISSN 0806-5160.
• Haugen, Tommy (2021). «One size does not fit all» . Folkebladet.no.
• Erikstad, Martin Kjeøen & Haugen, Tommy (2021). Hva skal til for å spille i EM? . Folkebladet.no.
• Erikstad, Martin Kjeøen & Haugen, Tommy (2021). Hva skal til for å spille i EM? . Stavanger Aftenblad. ISSN 0804-8991.
• Haugen, Tommy (2021). «One size does not fit all» . Fædrelandsvennen. ISSN 0805-3790.
• Erikstad, Martin Kjeøen & Haugen, Tommy (2021). Hva skal til for å spille i EM? . Fædrelandsvennen. ISSN 0805-3790.
• Haugen, Tommy (2021). Best-Practice Coaches: An Untapped Resource in Sport-Science Research. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance (IJSPP). ISSN 1555-0265. 16(9), p. 1215–1216. doi: 10.1123/IJSPP.2021-0277.
• Hovdal, Dag Ove; Haugen, Tommy & Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2020). “PASS THE BALL TO ME- BUT YOU WON’T GET IT BACK... “ - UNDERSTANDING SOCIAL INCLUSION IN TEAM ACTIVITIES IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION.
• Olsen, Anne Karin Vikstøl; Spieler, Kristin; Kjær, Ingirid Geirsdatter Heald; Høigaard, Rune & Haugen, Tommy (2020). The Role of Learning Climate, Teacher Help and Support, and Academic Self-efficacy in the Prediction of Professional Identity.
• Helland, Christian; Haugen, Tommy; Rakovic, Elvir; Eriksrud, Ola; Seynnes, Olivier R. & Mero, Antti A. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). Correction to: Force–velocity profiling of sprinting athletes: single-run vs. multiple-run methods (European Journal of Applied Physiology, (2019), 119, 2, (465-473), 10.1007/s00421-018-4045-2). European Journal of Applied Physiology. ISSN 1439-6319. 119(2). doi: 10.1007/s00421-018-04057-7.
• Åvitsland, Andreas; Dyrstad, Sindre Mikal; Lerum, Øystein; Leibinger, Eva; Solberg, Runar Barstad & Kolle, Elin [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). Physical fitness and mental health in adolescents - What we know, and what we don't.
• Ommundsen, Yngvar & Haugen, Tommy (2018). Hva påvirker barn, ungdom og voksnes fysiske aktivitet? In Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Lohne-Seiler, Hilde; Berntsen, Sveinung & Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred (Ed.), Fysisk aktivitet og helse: Fra begrepsforståelse til implementering av kunnskap. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISSN 9788202568313. p. 321–349.
• Haugen, Tommy & Høigaard, Rune (2018). Forord til "Trender i idrettspsykologisk forskning i Skandinavia". In Haugen, Tommy & Høigaard, Rune (Ed.), Trender i idrettspsykologisk forskning i Skandinavia. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISSN 978-82-02-59690-3. p. 7–11. doi: 10.23865/noasp.39.
• Erdvik, Irina Burchard; Haugen, Tommy; Ivarsson, Andreas & Säfvenbom, Reidar (2018). Utvikling av grunnleggende psykologisk behovstilfredsstillelse i kroppsøving: Effekter av en toårig intervensjon.
• Erdvik, Irina Burchard; Haugen, Tommy; Ivarsson, Andreas & Säfvenbom, Reidar (2017). Development of Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction in Physical Education: Effects from a two-year intervention.
• Østrem, Ketil; Haugen, Tommy; Høigaard, Rune; Erikstad, Martin Kjeøen & Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2016). The relationship between perceived motivational climate and satisfaction with personal treatment among young soccer players: The moderating role of coaches´ supporting behavior.
• Schei, Gaute Sørensen; Høigaard, Rune & Haugen, Tommy (2023). Communication in elite team sports. Universitet i Agder. ISSN 9788284271477. Full text in Research Archive
• Kolle, Elin; Steene-Johannessen, Jostein; Säfvenbom, Reidar; Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred; Grydeland, May & Ekelund, Ulf [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2019). Hovedrapport: School in motion. Utdanningsdirektoratet.

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