Sofie Elisabeth Pilemalm

• Pilemalm, Sofie Elisabeth & Alkusaibati, Wael (2023). Digitalized Co-production of Emergency Response: to make local initiatives national. In Terán, Luis (Eds.), 2023 Ninth International Conference on eDemocracy & eGovernment (ICEDEG). IEEE conference proceedings. ISSN 979-8-3503-2450-1. doi: 10.1109/ICEDEG58167.2023.10122074.
• Alkusaibati, Wael & Pilemalm, Sofie Elisabeth (2023). Digitalized Co-production and Volunteerism in Emergency Response: a Literature Review. In Radianti, Jaziar; Dokas, Ioannis; LaLone, Nicolas & Khazanchi, Deepak (Ed.), 20th Global Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management Conference (ISCRAM 2023). ISCRAM. ISSN 979-8-218-21749-5. p. 738–750. Show summary

  ICT-enabled or digitalized co-production of public services has become increasingly relevant to emergency response and crisis management. This study provides a literature review on this phenomenon, exploring both large-scale crises and frequent emergencies. We found that research in the domain is scarce and focuses mainly on the phenomenon in terms of digital volunteerism. In large-scale crises, they mostly refer to spontaneous forms of volunteering, and in smaller emergencies, to more organized volunteers that collaborate with a response organization over time. Similarities to digitalized co-production in the public sector generally include financial, administrative, ICT, and demographic factors. Differences include, e.g., aspects of coordination, support, and processing by formal actors. We argue that there are benefits of adding a theoretical co-production perspective to digital volunteerism in emergency response and that our literature review can guide future research on models and (the double) use of volunteers in both kinds of emergencies.

• Pilemalm, Sofie Elisabeth & Yousefi Mojir, Kayvan (2023). Digitalized Cross-sector Collaboration for an Effective Emergency Response: Emerging Forms of Network Governance. In Scholl, Hans Jochen; Holdeman, Eric E. & Boersma, F. Kees (Ed.), Disaster Management and Information Technology: Professional Response and Recovery Management in the Age of Disasters. Springer. ISSN 9783031209390. p. 269–305. doi: https:/doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20939-0_13.
• Gustafsson, Viktor Sköld; Granberg, Tobias Andersson; Pilemalm, Sofie Elisabeth & Waldemarsson, Martin (2023). Identifying decision support needs for emergency response to multiple natural hazards: an activity theory approach. Natural Hazards. ISSN 0921-030X. doi: 10.1007/s11069-023-06305-2.
• Radianti, Jaziar; Pilemalm, Sofie Elisabeth; Steen-Tveit, Kristine & Rustenberg, Kjetil (2023). Enhancing Learning from Incidents by Reconstruction of Events: Using the SQUARE Tool for Evaluation. In Radianti, Jaziar; Dokas, Ioannis; LaLone, Nicolas & Khazanchi, Deepak (Ed.), 20th Global Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management Conference (ISCRAM 2023). ISCRAM. ISSN 979-8-218-21749-5. p. 663–675. doi: 10.59297/EQKP4179.
• Prytz, Erik; Norrblom, Petter; Pilemalm, Sofie Elisabeth; Andersson Granberg, Tobias & Jonson, Carl-Oscar (2023). What motivates and demotivates emergency response volunteers? A survey-based factor analysis study. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine. ISSN 1757-7241. 31(38). doi: 10.1186/s13049-023-01101-0. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Organized volunteer initiatives can reduce response times and improve outcomes in emergencies such as cardiac arrests or fres. Retention of volunteers is important to maintain good coverage and capabilities. The current study explores factors underlying volunteers’ motivation to continue as volunteers. Methods Data from 5347 active volunteers were collected through an online survey. An exploratory factor analysis was used to identify underlying factors that were then used in a regression analysis to predict intention to continue as a volunteer. Group diferences based on, among others, number of alarms and prior professional experience in emergency response were explored. Results The results showed that the factors community, self-image, and competence were the strongest positive predictors for the motivation to continue, whereas alarm fatigue and negative experience were the strongest nega‑ tive predictors. Volunteers with professional background had higher competence and lower Alarm fatigue. Volunteers from rural areas and small cities had higher community than those in large cities. Conclusions Alarm fatigue can make it hard to retain volunteers, which could be addressed using improved dispatch algorithms. Support after dispatch is important to prevent negative experiences. Finally, increased competence, e.g. through education and training, can improve volunteer’s motivation to continue.

• Pilemalm, Sofie Elisabeth; Munkvold, Bjørn Erik & Radianti, Jaziar (2023). Developing Information Systems for Collaborative Emergency Management: Requirements Analysis and Prototyping. In Gjøsæter, Terje; Radianti, Jaziar & Murayama, Yuko (Ed.), Information Technology in Disaster Risk Reduction, 7th IFIP WG 5.15 International Conference, ITDRR 2022 - ITDRR 2022. Springer. ISSN 978-3-031-34206-6. p. 153–169. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-34207-3_10. Show summary

  The paper presents needs and requirements for information systems support for collaborative emergency management, developed in collaboration with emergency management stakeholders in Norway. The requirements focus on three basic elements for shared situation awareness (SA) in inter-agency emergency response: terminology harmonization, map-based common operational picture (COP), and support for evaluation and learning from incidents. Building on core design principles for emergency management information systems, prototypes have been developed for these three areas and validated with potential users. The paper contributes with a user-centric approach in identifying and designing information systems support for collaborative emergency management together with stakeholders, moving from needs to requirements to design proposals and covering core elements of COPs needed for shared SA. The collected requirements and prototypes developed may serve as a basis for further development of standardized solutions for inter-agency emergency operations.

• Gustafsson, Viktor Sköld; Pilemalm, Sofie Elisabeth; Granberg, Tobias Andersson & Waldemarsson, Martin (2022). Managing natural hazards in Sweden – needs for improved information and decision support systems. Proceedings of the International ISCRAM Conference. ISSN 2411-3387. p. 376–384. Show summary

  This paper explores opportunities for information systems to support emergency response to multiple natural hazards. Interviews were conducted with 12 representatives from actors of the Swedish emergency response system about response to multiple natural hazards. Challenges and needs connected to five themes influencing the response effort were identified: Cooperation, Resource management, Command and control, Common operational picture, and Risk management. The results illuminate a lack of technology to support decisions and analyses during emergency response to both single and multiple natural hazards. Based on this, the paper suggests and discusses information systems and decision support tools to assist in satisfying the identified needs. The findings can inform policy makers in emergency response of where to concentrate the development of collaborative preparedness and response work, and the scientific community of future research directions.

• Pilemalm, Sofie Elisabeth (2022). Barriers to Digitalized Co-production: the Case of Volunteer First Responders . Proceedings of the International ISCRAM Conference. ISSN 2411-3387. p. 782–790. Show summary

  Information and communication technology (ICT) and digitalization are often seen as enablers of co-production. But if its potential is not implemented, technology will rather act as a barrier. In Sweden, new types of “hybrid” co-production initiatives that engage civil citizen volunteers as first responders emerged a decade ago. Even though the benefits are recognized, the initiatives’ expansion are hampered by the ICT solutions. In this study, we explore why, by comparing the perspectives of national authorities, needs-owners, suppliers, and end-users. We describe the barriers, e.g., insufficient geofencing, to develop ICT for various mobile platforms, unavailability of a joint API, competitiveness and double roles among stakeholders, and ICT costs. We suggest how to address the barriers and argue that digitalized co-production of the type presented will likely increase. Here our study can contribute to the successive accumulation of knowledge.

• Pilemalm, Sofie Elisabeth (2021). Digitalized Co-production: Using Volunteers as First Responders. In Terán, Luis; Pincay, Jhonny & Portmann, Edy (Ed.), 2021 Eight International Conference on eDemocracy & eGovernment (ICEDEG). IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). ISSN 978-1-6654-2513-1. p. 25–32. doi: 10.1109/ICEDEG52154.2021.9530994. Show summary

  This study explores digitalized co-production using citizens as volunteer first responders in cities with as specific focus on socially vulnerable areas. It shows that volunteers can make a major difference, e.g., saving lives, administering CPR and extinguishing fires. The ICT artefact is crucial to the co-production by allowing volunteers to be dispatched through their own mobile phones and providing geographical positioning. Identified challenges include to make individual engagement collective, to reduce the risk of the volunteers being exposed to dangerous situations and to further calibration of the ICT. The study argues for digitalization as an enabler of new co-production initiatives, with basic mobile ICT artefacts as the starting point, and that local public sector initiatives aimed to improve inclusion, safety and first response can have positive consequences both nationally and globally. It also contributes to a merging of research perspectives from public administration and information systems, with reference to digitalized co-production.

• Pilemalm, Sofie Elisabeth; Radianti, Jaziar; Munkvold, Bjørn Erik; Majchrzak, Tim A. & Steen-Tveit, Kristine (2021). Turning Common Operational Picture Data into Double-loop Learning from Crises – can Vision Meet Reality? . Proceedings of the International ISCRAM Conference. ISSN 2411-3387. 18, p. 417–430. Show summary

  This study proposes a framework for double-loop learning from crises, using common operational pictures (COP). In most crises, a COP is of outmost importance to gain a common understanding among inter-organizational response. A COP is sometimes expressed through a map visualization. While the technologies to support COP progress rapidly, the corresponding practice of evaluating the COP and situational awareness is not yet established. Tools that enable responders to learn after the crisis, look back in time on the COP development and detect the barriers that prevent the COP establishment, still seem absent. Double-loop learning is an organizational practice to learn from previous actions widely adopted in the safety domain, and lately used in crisis management. This paper addresses the perceived gap by presenting the technical, organizational and structural requirements derived from document analysis, observation, and a workshop with multiple crisis management stakeholders, and integrating them to an initial framework.

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• Munkvold, Bjørn Erik; Gjøsæter, Terje; Hagen, Dag Auby; Opach, Tomasz; Pilemalm, Sofie Elisabeth & Radianti, Jaziar [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2021). Evaluering av INSITU skogbrannøvelse. Universitetet i Agder. ISSN 978-82-8427-050-0. Full text in Research Archive

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