Kristine Steen-Tveit

• Radianti, Jaziar; Pilemalm, Sofie Elisabeth; Steen-Tveit, Kristine & Rustenberg, Kjetil (2023). Enhancing Learning from Incidents by Reconstruction of Events: Using the SQUARE Tool for Evaluation. In Radianti, Jaziar; Dokas, Ioannis; LaLone, Nicolas & Khazanchi, Deepak (Ed.), 20th Global Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management Conference (ISCRAM 2023). ISCRAM. ISSN 979-8-218-21749-5. p. 663–675. doi: 10.59297/EQKP4179.
• Steen-Tveit, Kristine & Snaprud, Mikael (2023). Fremmere for samvirke. Sikkerhet. ISSN 0805-6080. p. 70–71.
• Rustenberg, Kjetil & Steen-Tveit, Kristine (2023). En digital møteplass for samhandling. Sikkerhet. ISSN 0805-6080. p. 65–67.
• Steen-Tveit, Kristine & Munkvold, Bjørn Erik (2023). Defining Common Information Requirements for Supporting Multiagency Emergency Operations. In Scholl, Hans Jochen; Holdeman, Eric E. & Boersma, F. Kees (Ed.), Disaster Management and Information Technology: Professional Response and Recovery Management in the Age of Disasters. Springer. ISSN 9783031209390. p. 307–322. doi: https:/doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20939-0_14. Show summary

  Effective response in complex emergency events requires establishing shared situational awareness among the agencies involved, through sharing relevant information and building a common operational picture (COP). However, despite its acknowledged importance, developing effective practices for such information sharing proves to be challenging. A basis for this is identifying what information is critical to share and also defining a well-functioning structure for this. Based on interviews with Norwegian emergency management stakeholders, this study investigates common information requirements for emergency management services and presents an example of a framework for structuring the sharing of critical information and building a COP. The study identified eight common information requirement categories for managing extreme weather scenarios. The focus on common information needs and a process for structured information sharing contributes to a more holistic perspective on cross-sectoral operations than in current practice.

• Steen-Tveit, Kristine; Snaprud, Mikael, H; Heinecke, Jan Egil & Fure, Nora (2023). Towards a Co-Created Emergency Management Collaboration Repository. In Radianti, Jaziar; Dokas, Ioannis; LaLone, Nicolas & Khazanchi, Deepak (Ed.), 20th Global Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management Conference (ISCRAM 2023). ISCRAM. ISSN 979-8-218-21749-5. p. 20–32. Show summary

  The need for information systems (ISs) to aid emergency management (EM) has been well established. Yet, despite the acknowledged benefits of ISs for EM, the support of ISs in the preparedness phase is weak. Complex EM operations require coordinated efforts across emergency organizations, which are facing enormous challenges related to the method of collaboration to cope with the impact. This paper presents an ongoing project initiated to develop an emergency management collaboration repository for a range of emergency responders, focusing on emergency cross-organizational collaboration, information sharing, exercises, and evaluations. A participatory design approach was applied for the system requirements elicitation and was carried out in two workshops with several EM stakeholders.

• Steen-Tveit, Kristine (2022). Using a Public Safety Radio Network for Information Negotiation between the Three-Tiered Command and Control Structure. In Bui, Tung (Eds.), The proceedings of the 55th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. University of Hawai'i at Manoa. ISSN 978-0-9981331-5-7. p. 2501–2510. doi: http:/hdl.handle.net/10125/79644. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen-Tveit, Kristine; Munkvold, Bjørn Erik & Radianti, Jaziar (2022). Using live video for communication between lay bystanders and emergency dispatchers in command and control centres. International Journal of Emergency Management. ISSN 1471-4825. 17(2), p. 154–176. doi: 10.1504/IJEM.2021.122930.
• Pilemalm, Sofie Elisabeth; Radianti, Jaziar; Munkvold, Bjørn Erik; Majchrzak, Tim A. & Steen-Tveit, Kristine (2021). Turning Common Operational Picture Data into Double-loop Learning from Crises – can Vision Meet Reality? . Proceedings of the International ISCRAM Conference. ISSN 2411-3387. 18, p. 417–430. Show summary

  This study proposes a framework for double-loop learning from crises, using common operational pictures (COP). In most crises, a COP is of outmost importance to gain a common understanding among inter-organizational response. A COP is sometimes expressed through a map visualization. While the technologies to support COP progress rapidly, the corresponding practice of evaluating the COP and situational awareness is not yet established. Tools that enable responders to learn after the crisis, look back in time on the COP development and detect the barriers that prevent the COP establishment, still seem absent. Double-loop learning is an organizational practice to learn from previous actions widely adopted in the safety domain, and lately used in crisis management. This paper addresses the perceived gap by presenting the technical, organizational and structural requirements derived from document analysis, observation, and a workshop with multiple crisis management stakeholders, and integrating them to an initial framework.

• Steen-Tveit, Kristine & Munkvold, Bjørn Erik (2021). From common operational picture to common situational understanding: An analysis based on practitioner perspectives . Safety Science. ISSN 0925-7535. 142. doi: 10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105381. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The concepts of Situational Awareness (SA) and Common Operational Picture (COP) are closely related and well-acknowledged to be crucial factors for effective emergency management. In multi-agency operations, such as extreme weather events, the involved first responders manage the event with different mandates, objectives, and tools which can make it challenging to build a COP. Effective collaboration requires a common situational understanding, based on knowledge about each other’s responsibilities and tasks, mutual respect and trust, as well as common communication tools for emergency communication and information sharing. This paper argues that the COP serves as a basis for deciding on further action, and thus represents a first stage in the process of establishing common situational understanding among the involved actors. The empirical basis for the study includes interviews with Norwegian emergency management stakeholders, analysis of audio-logs, and review of public documents. Based on the analysis we present a framework comprising activities and processes involved in establishing a COP as a basis for common situational understanding.

• Steen-Tveit, Kristine (2020). Identifying Information Requirements for Improving the Common Operational Picture in Multi-Agency Operations . In Hughes, Amanda; McNeill, Fiona & Zobel, Christopher W. (Ed.), ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. Virginia Tech. ISSN 978-1-949373-27-1. p. 252–263.
• Steen-Tveit, Kristine; Radianti, Jaziar & Munkvold, Bjørn Erik (2020). SMS-based Real-time Data Collection for Evaluation of Situational Awareness and Common Operational Picture : Lessons Learned from A Field Exercise. In Hughes, Amanda; McNeill, Fiona & Zobel, Christopher W. (Ed.), ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. Virginia Tech. ISSN 978-1-949373-27-1. p. 276–284. Full text in Research Archive
• Opach, Tomasz; Rød, Jan Ketil; Munkvold, Bjørn Erik; Radianti, Jaziar; Steen-Tveit, Kristine & Grottenberg, Lars Ole (2020). Map-based interfaces for common operational picture. In Hughes, Amanda; McNeill, Fiona & Zobel, Christopher W. (Ed.), ISCRAM 2020 Conference Proceedings – 17th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. Virginia Tech. ISSN 978-1-949373-27-1. p. 506–516. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Common operationalpicture (COP) map-based interfacesdisplay operational information to support integrationofemergency responders. Such interfacesintegrate different subsystems and present the resulting information into an overview for enabling situation awareness. Literature shows that they are often developed from non-user-centric perspectives and are defined in technological terms that arenot adequately capturing the users’ needs. Therefore,theaim of this particular work in progressis to get insight into the features and the role of COP map-based interfaces currently being used in Norway to (1) examine theircontent, functionality, and design;and(2) to understand how such displays are incorporated into the servicecontext.This studystructuresthe knowledge on map displays that constitute part of the COP services.Using workshopand interviews with the developers and usersof existing COP map services, we identify requirements for a common operational symbology and common operational functionality to improvesuch map services andmake them interoperable.

• Steen-Tveit, Kristine; Radianti, Jaziar & Munkvold, Bjørn Erik (2020). Using Audio-Logs for Analyzing the Development of a Common Operational Picture in Multi-agency Emergency Response. In Bui, Tung X. (Eds.), Proceeding of the 53rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS 2020). AIS Electronic Library University of Hawai'i at Manoa Hamilton Library 2550 McCarthy Mall Honolulu, HI 96822. ISSN 978-0-9981331-3-3. p. 604–613. doi: 10.24251/hicss.2020.074. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen-Tveit, Kristine & Radianti, Jaziar (2019). Analysis of Common Operational Picture and Situational Awareness during Multiple Emergency Response Scenarios . In Franco, Zeno; Gonzalez, Jose J & Jose, Canos (Ed.), Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, Valencia, May 19-22 2019. ISCRAM. ISSN 978-84-09-10498-7. p. 199–208.

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• Opach, Tomasz; Rød, Jan Ketil & Steen-Tveit, Kristine (2021). Balancing levels of operational support of map-based tools for facilitating a common operational picture.
• Munkvold, Bjørn Erik; Rustenberg, Kjetil & Steen-Tveit, Kristine (2021). Adoption and use of standard operating procedures for emergency response. Show summary

  Standard operating procedures (SOPs) are important as a basis for effective emergency response. These procedures specify roles, tasks, and steps to be taken during different stages of an incident. The different first responder agencies and other organisations involved in emergency response have SOPs specifying their operations and communication protocols, both for internal operations and for joint operations involving collaboration between several organisations. These procedures exist in different forms and formats, involving varying degrees of computer support. While the SOPs are part of the training of first responders, experience from real events as well as exercises show that the use of the SOPs are often varying and somewhat inconsistent even within the same organisation. The procedures are also typically underspecified regarding from where relevant information should be collected, how this information can be accessed, and whether this information should be shared with other responders. Also, first responders argue that the format of the SOPs often is not perceived as effective for supporting their operations in time critical situations, in terms of level of detail, accessibility and presentation clarity. Experienced emergency dispatchers in command and control centres report how following rigid communication procedures sometimes is considered to be non-conducive for an efficient dialogue with the caller. Also, procedures for efficient combination of various data sources to gain optimal value from these while also avoiding information overload, are also often missing in these command and control centres. The presentation is based on findings from the INSITU project funded by the Research Council of Norway, investigating current practices for information sharing among organisations involved in emergency preparedness and response in Norway. From workshops, interviews and observation in exercises, we analyse existing use of SOPs and possible improvements of these. In a recent digital tabletop exercise using a multiple forest fire scenario, we collected data on how situational reports and common operational pictures were shared from the local incident command and fire services to the affected municipalities and county, to providers of critical infrastructure (energy grid, telecommunications, road administration), and to the national level of emergency management. The findings show how efficient SOPs for situational reports and information sharing are either missing or have limitations negatively affecting the support from these procedures. We discuss factors influencing the adoption and use of SOPs among emergency stakeholders, and present recommendations for developing and implementing procedures that can effectively support emergency operations through consistent and widespread use.

• Steen-Tveit, Kristine (2021). Øvelser i samvirke - det enkleste er ofte det beste? Politiforum. ISSN 1500-6921.
• Steen-Tveit, Kristine (2022). From Common Operational Picture to Common Situational Understanding: A Framework for Information Sharing in Multi-Organizational Emergency Management. Nauka. ISSN 978-82-8427-094-4. Full text in Research Archive
• Munkvold, Bjørn Erik; Gjøsæter, Terje; Hagen, Dag Auby; Opach, Tomasz; Pilemalm, Sofie Elisabeth & Radianti, Jaziar [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2021). Evaluering av INSITU skogbrannøvelse. Universitetet i Agder. ISSN 978-82-8427-050-0. Full text in Research Archive
• Munkvold, Bjørn Erik; Opach, Tomasz; Radianti, Jaziar; Rød, Jan Ketil; Snaprud, Mikael & Grottenberg, Lars Ole [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2020). Project report: Requirements specification. Universitetet i Agder. ISSN 978-82-7117-981-6. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The SAMRISK project “Sharing incident and threat information for common situational understanding“ (INSITU) commenced in May 2019. The INSITU project develops solutions for establishing a common situational understanding in complex operations requiring collaboration between several agencies. This involves systematic analysis of existing information sources and defining the information elements that are critical to share in different phases of a crisis situation. In addition, the project will develop procedures and related tool support for efficient collection and integration of information. As part of this work, the project contributes to harmonisation of terminology across agencies to secure effective communication. A map-based interface for display of information from different digital map resources will be developed, as a basis for a common operational picture (COP). This solution will also support evaluation and learning from incidents and emergency exercises. Based on a review of related research, the report briefly summarises the state of the art for the areas focused in the project. Through interviews and discussions with emergency stakeholders, field observation during an exercise, and field visits at operations centres, current practice for information sharing and establishing a COP is analysed. Based on the expressed needs from the emergency stakeholders and our analysis of current practice, the report specifies a set of requirements for information sharing, harmonisation of terminology, use of common map resources, and technology support for evaluation and learning from incidents.

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