Kolbjørn Andreas Lindberg

• Fosstveit, Sindre Herskedal; Lindberg, Kolbjørn Andreas; Bjørnsen, Thomas; Sibayan, Erlend E.; Fjeller, Joachim S. & Løvold, Sondre [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2023). Associations between Power Training-Induced Changes in Body Composition and Physical Function in Older Men: A Pre-Test–Post-Test Experimental Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH). ISSN 1661-7827. 20(22). doi: 10.3390/ijerph20227070. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  It is well-established that cross-sectional measurements of poor body composition are associated with impaired physical function and that power training effectively enhances total lean mass and physical function in older adults. However, it is unclear if power training-induced changes in body composition are associated with improved physical function in older adults. Aim: The present study investigated associations between body composition and physical function cross-sectionally and with power training-induced changes in older men. Methods: Forty-nine older men (68 ± 5 yrs) completed a 10-week biweekly power training intervention. Body composition was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Physical function was assessed as a composite Z-score combining measures from Sit-to-stand power, Timed up-and-go time, and loaded and unloaded Stair-climbing time (15 steps). Linear and quadratic regression analyses were performed to assess associations between body composition and physical function. Results: At baseline, total (R2 = 0.11, p < 0.05) and percentage body fat (R2 = 0.15, p < 0.05) showed a non-linear relationship with physical function. The apex of the quadratic regression for body composition was 21.5% body fat. Furthermore, there was a non-linear relationship between changes in body fat percentage and physical function from pre- to post-intervention (R2 = 0.15, p < 0.05). Conclusion: The present study’s findings indicate that participants with a body composition of ~20% body fat displayed the highest level of physical function at baseline. Furthermore, despite small pre–post changes in body fat, the results indicate that those who either preserved their body fat percentage or experienced minor alterations observed the greatest improvements in physical function.

• Bobbert, Maarten F.; Lindberg, Kolbjørn Andreas; Bjørnsen, Thomas; Solberg, Paul Andre & Paulsen, Gøran (2023). The Force-Velocity Profile for Jumping: What It Is and What It Is Not. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. ISSN 0195-9131. 55(7), p. 1241–1249. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000003147. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction Force–velocity profiling has been proposed in the literature as a method to identify the overall mechanical characteristics of lower extremities. A force–velocity profile is obtained by plotting for jumps at different loads the effective work as a function of the average push-off velocity, fitting a straight line to the results, and extrapolating this line to find the theoretical maximum isometric force and unloaded shortening velocity. Here we investigated whether the force–velocity profile and its characteristics can be related to the intrinsic force–velocity relationship. Methods We used simulation models of various complexity, ranging from a simple mass actuated by a linearly damped force to a planar musculoskeletal model comprising four segments and six muscle–tendon complexes. The intrinsic force–velocity relationship of each model was obtained by maximizing the effective work during isokinetic extension at different velocities. Results Several observations were made. First, at the same average velocity, less effective work can be done during jumping than during isokinetic lower extremity extension at this velocity. Second, the intrinsic relationship is curved; fitting a straight line and extrapolating it seem arbitrary. Third, the maximal isometric force and the maximal velocity corresponding to the profile are not independent. Fourth, they both vary with inertial properties of the system. Conclusions For these reasons, we concluded that the force–velocity profile is specific for the task and is just what it is: the relationship between effective work and an arbitrary estimate of average velocity; it does not represent the intrinsic force–velocity relationship of the lower extremities.

• Byrkjedal, Per Thomas; Thunshelle, Atle; Spencer, Matthew; Luteberget, Live Steinnes; Ivarsson, Andreas & Vårvik, Fredrik Tonstad [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). In-season autoregulation of one weekly strength training session maintains physical and external load match performance in professional male football players. Journal of Sports Sciences. ISSN 0264-0414. 41(6), p. 536–546. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2227536. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The aim of this study was to compare the effects of autoregulating strength training volume based on an objective (external load match performance) versus a subjective (self-selected) method in professional male football players. Sixteen players completed a 10-week strength training programme where the number of sets was regulated based on football match high-intensity running distance (HIR >19.8 km/h, AUTO, n = 7), or self-selected (SELF, n = 9). In addition to traditional physical performance assessments (30-m sprint, countermovement jump, leg-strength, and body composition), external load match performance was assessed with five matches in the beginning and in the end of the study period. Both groups performed ~ 1 weekly bout of ~ 6 sets in leg extensor exercises during the 10-week period, and maintained physical performance during the competitive season, with no group differences detected after the training period. Non-overlap of all pairs (NAP) analysis showed weak-to-moderate effects in external load match performance from before to after the study period, suggesting that players maintained or improved their performance. In conclusion, no group differences were observed, suggesting that both external load autoregulated and self-selected, low-volume in-season strength training maintained physical, and external load match performance in professional male football players.

• Lindberg, Kolbjørn Andreas; Bjørnsen, Thomas; Vårvik, Fredrik Tonstad; Paulsen, Gøran; Joensen, Malene & Kristoffersen, Morten [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2023). The effects of being told you are in the intervention group on training results: a pilot study. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 13(1), p. 1–10. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-29141-7. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Little is known about the placebo effects when comparing training interventions. Consequently, we investigated whether subjects being told they are in the intervention group get better training results compared to subjects being told they are in a control group. Forty athletes (male: n = 31, female: n = 9) completed a 10-week training intervention (age: 22 ± 4 years, height: 183 ± 10 cm, and body mass: 84 ± 15 kg). After randomization, the participants were either told that the training program they got was individualized based on their force–velocity profile (Placebo), or that they were in the control group (Control). However, both groups were doing the same workouts. Measurements included countermovement jump (CMJ), 20-m sprint, one-repetition maximum (1RM) back-squat, a leg-press test, ultrasonography of muscle-thickness (m. rectus femoris), and a questionnaire (Stanford Expectations of Treatment Scale) (Younger et al. in Clin Trials 9(6):767–776, 2012). Placebo increased 1RM squat more than Control (5.7 ± 6.4% vs 0.9 ± 6.9%, [0.26 vs 0.02 Effect Size], Bayes Factor: 5.1 [BF10], p = 0.025). Placebo had slightly higher adherence compared to control (82 ± 18% vs 72 ± 13%, BF10: 2.0, p = 0.08). Importantly, the difference in the 1RM squat was significant after controlling for adherence (p = 0.013). No significant differences were observed in the other measurements. The results suggest that the placebo effect may be meaningful in sports and exercise training interventions. It is possible that ineffective training interventions will go unquestioned in the absence of placebo-controlled trials.

• Byrkjedal, Per Thomas; Bjørnsen, Thomas; Luteberget, Live; Lindberg, Kolbjørn Andreas; Ivarsson, Andreas & Haukali, Eirik [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Association Between Physical Performance Tests and External Load During Scrimmages in Highly Trained Youth Ice Hockey Players. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance (IJSPP). ISSN 1555-0265. 18(1), p. 47–54. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0225. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Purpose: To investigate the relationship between physical performance tests and on-ice external load from simulated games (scrimmages) in ice hockey. Methods: A total of 14 players completed a physical performance test battery consisting of 30-m sprint test—run and 30-m sprint test—skate (including 10-m split times and maximum speed), countermovement jump, standing long jump, bench press, pull-ups, and trap bar deadlift and participated in 4 scrimmages. External load variables from scrimmages included total distance; peak speed; slow (< 11.0 km/h), moderate (11.0–16.9 km/h), high (17.0–23.9 km/h), and sprint (> 24.0 km/h) speed skating distance; number of sprints; PlayerLoad™; number of high-intensity events (> 2.5 m/s); accelerations; decelerations; and changes of direction. Bayesian pairwise correlation analyses were performed to assess the relationship between physical performance tests and external load performance variables. Results: The results showed strong evidence (Bayes factor > 10) for associations between pull-ups and high-intensity events (τ = .61) and between maximum speed skate and peak speed (τ = .55). There was moderate evidence (Bayes factor >3 to <10) for 6 associations: both maximum speed skate (τ = .44) and countermovement jump (τ = .44) with sprint speed skating distance, countermovement jump with number of sprints (τ = .46), pull-ups with changes of direction (τ = .50), trap bar with peak speed (τ = .45), and body mass with total distance (τ = .49). Conclusion: This study found physical performance tests to be associated with some of the external load variables from scrimmages. Nevertheless, the majority of correlations did not display meaningful associations, possibly being influenced by the selection of physical performance tests.

• Lindberg, Kolbjørn Andreas; Solberg, Paul Andre; Bjørnsen, Thomas; Helland, Christian; Rønnestad, Bent & Frank, Martin Thorsen [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2022). Strength and Power Testing of Athletes: Associations of Common Assessments Over Time. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance (IJSPP). ISSN 1555-0265. 17(8), p. 1280–1288. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0557. Show summary

  Purpose: This study examined the associations among common assessments for measuring strength and power in the lower body of high-performing athletes, including both cross-sectional and longitudinal data. Methods: A total of 100 participants, including both male (n = 83) and female (n = 17) athletes (21 [4] y, 182 [9] cm, 78 [12] kg), were recruited for the study using a multicenter approach. The participants underwent physical testing 4 times. The first 2 sessions (1 and 2) were separated by ∼1 week, followed by a period of 2 to 6 months, whereas the last 2 sessions (3 and 4) were also separated by ∼1 week. The test protocol consisted of squat jumps, countermovement jumps, jump and reach, 30-m sprint, 1-repetition-maximum squat, sprint cycling, and a leg-press test. Results: There were generally acceptable correlations among all performance measures. Variables from the countermovement jumps and leg-press power correlated strongly with all performance assessments (r = .52–.79), while variables from sprint running and squat-jump power displayed more incoherent correlations (r = .21–.82). For changes over time, the correlations were mostly strong, albeit systematically weaker than for cross-sectional measures. Conclusions: The associations observed among the performance assessments seem to be consistent for both cross-sectional data and longitudinal change scores. The weaker correlations for change scores are most likely mainly caused by lower between-subjects variations in the change scores than for the cross-sectional data. The present study provides novel information, helping researchers and practitioners to better interpret the relationships across common performance assessment methods.

• Lindberg, Kolbjørn Andreas; Solberg, Paul Andre; Bjørnsen, Thomas; Helland, Christian; Rønnestad, Bent & Frank, Martin [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2022). Strength and Power Testing of Athletes: A Multicenter Study of Test-Retest Reliability. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance (IJSPP). ISSN 1555-0265. 17(7), p. 1103–1110. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0558. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Purpose:This study examined the test–retest reliability of common assessments for measuring strength and power of the lowerbody in high-performing athletes.Methods:A total of 100 participants, including both male (n=83) and female (n=17) athletes(21 [4] y, 182 [9] cm, and 78 [12] kg), were recruited for this study, using a multicenter approach. The participants underwentphysical testing 4 times. Thefirst 2 sessions (1 and 2) were separated by∼1 week, followed by a period of 2 to 6 months, whereasthe last 2 sessions (3 and 4) were again separated by∼1 week. The test protocol consisted of squat jumps, countermovementjumps, jump and reach, 30-m sprint, 1-repetition-maximum squat, sprint cycling, and a leg-press test.Results:The typical error(%) ranged from 1.3% to 8.5% for all assessments. The change in means ranged from−1.5% to 2.5% for all assessments, whereasthe interclass correlation coefficient ranged from .85 to .97. The smallest worthwhile change (0.2 of baseline SD) ranged from1.2% to 5.0%. The ratio between the typical error (%) and the smallest worthwhile change (%) ranged from 0.5 to 1.2. Whenobserving the reliability across testing centers, considerable differences in reliability were observed (typical error [%] ratio: 0.44–1.44).Conclusions:Most of the included assessments can be used with confidence by researchers and coaches to measurestrength and power in athletes. Our results highlight the importance of controlling testing reliability at each testing center and notrelying on data from others, despite having applied the same protocol.

• Lindberg, Kolbjørn Andreas; Lohne-Seiler, Hilde; Fosstveit, Sindre Herskedal; Sibayan, Erlend E.; Fjeller, Joachim S. & Løvold, Sondre [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2022). Effectiveness of individualized training based on force–velocity profiling on physical function in older men. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. ISSN 0905-7188. 32(6), p. 1013–1025. doi: 10.1111/sms.14157. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of an individualized power training program based on force–velocity (FV) profiling on physical function, muscle morphology, and neuromuscular adaptations in older men. Forty-nine healthy men (68 ± 5 years) completed a 10-week training period to enhance muscular power. They were randomized to either a generic power training group (GPT) or an individualized power training group (IPT). Unlike generic training, individualized training was based on low- or high-resistance exercises, from an initial force–velocity profile. Lower-limb FV profile was measured in a pneumatic leg-press, and physical function was assessed as timed up-and-go time (TUG), sit-to-stand power, grip strength, and stair-climbing time (loaded [20kg] and unloaded). Vastus lateralis morphology was measured with ultrasonography. Rate of force development (RFD) and rate of myoelectric activity (RMA) were measured during an isometric knee extension. The GPT group improved loaded stair-climbing time (6.3 ± 3.8 vs. 2.3% ± 7.3%, p = 0.04) more than IPT. Both groups improved stair-climbing time, sit to stand, and leg press power, grip strength, muscle thickness, pennation angle, fascicle length, and RMA from baseline (p < 0.05). Only GPT increased loaded stair-climbing time and RFD (p < 0.05). An individualized power training program based on FV profiling did not improve physical function to a greater degree than generic power training. A generic power training approach combining both heavy and low loads might be advantageous through eliciting both force- and velocity-related neuromuscular adaptions with a concomitant increase in muscular power and physical function in older men.

• Lindberg, Kolbjørn; Solberg, Paul; Rønnestad, Bent; Frank, Martin; Larsen, Tommy Mella & Abusdal, Gøran [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2021). Should we individualize training based on force-velocity profiling to improve physical performance in athletes? Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. ISSN 0905-7188. 31(12), p. 2198–2210. doi: 10.1111/sms.14044. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of an individualized training program based on force-velocity (FV) profiling on jumping, sprinting, strength, and power in athletes. Forty national level team sport athletes (20 ± 4years, 83 ± 13 kg) from ice-hockey, handball, and soccer completed a 10-week training intervention. A theoretical optimal squat jump (SJ)-FV-profile was calculated from SJ with five different loads (0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 kg). Based on their initial FV-profile, athletes were randomized to train toward, away, or irrespective (balanced training) of their initial theoretical optimal FV-profile. The training content was matched between groups in terms of set x repetitions but varied in relative loading to target the different aspects of the FV-profile. The athletes performed 10 and 30 m sprints, SJ and countermovement jump (CMJ), 1 repetition maximum (1RM) squat, and a leg-press power test before and after the intervention. There were no significant group differences for any of the performance measures. Trivial to small changes in 1RM squat (2.9%, 4.6%, and 6.5%), 10 m sprint time (1.0%, −0.9%, and −1.7%), 30 m sprint time (0.9%, −0.6%, and −0.4%), CMJ height (4.3%, 3.1%, and 5.7%), SJ height (4.8%, 3.7%, and 5.7%), and leg-press power (6.7%, 4.2%, and 2.9%) were observed in the groups training toward, away, or irrespective of their initial theoretical optimal FV-profile, respectively. Changes toward the optimal SJ-FV-profile were negatively correlated with changes in SJ height (r = −0.49, p < 0.001). Changes in SJ-power were positively related to changes in SJ-height (r = 0.88, p < 0.001) and CMJ-height (r = 0.32, p = 0.044), but unrelated to changes in 10 m (r = −0.02, p = 0.921) and 30 m sprint time (r = −0.01, p = 0.974). The results from this study do not support the efficacy of individualized training based on SJ-FV profiling.

• Lindberg, Kolbjørn Andreas; Eythorsdottir, Ingrid Eir Thorp; Solberg, Paul Andre; Gløersen, Øyvind Nøstdahl; Seynnes, Olivier R. & Bjørnsen, Thomas [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Validity of Force–Velocity Profiling Assessed With a Pneumatic Leg Press Device. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance (IJSPP). ISSN 1555-0265. 16(12), p. 1777–1785. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0954. Full text in Research Archive
• Lindberg, Kolbjørn Andreas; Solberg, Paul; Bjørnsen, Thomas; Helland, Christian; Rønnestad, Bent & Frank, Martin Thorsen [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2021). Force-velocity profiling in athletes: Reliability and agreement across methods. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 16(2). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245791. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The aim of the study was to examine the test-retest reliability and agreement across methods for assessing individual force-velocity (FV) profiles of the lower limbs in athletes. Using a multicenter approach, 27 male athletes completed all measurements for the main analysis, with up to 82 male and female athletes on some measurements. The athletes were tested twice before and twice after a 2- to 6-month period of regular training and sport participation. The double testing sessions were separated by ~1 week. Individual FV-profiles were acquired from incremental loading protocols in squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ) and leg press. A force plate, linear encoder and a flight time calculation method were used for measuring force and velocity during SJ and CMJ. A linear regression was fitted to the average force and velocity values for each individual test to extrapolate the FV-variables: theoretical maximal force (F0), velocity (V0), power (Pmax), and the slope of the FV-profile (SFV). Despite strong linearity (R2>0.95) for individual FV-profiles, the SFV was unreliable for all measurement methods assessed during vertical jumping (coefficient of variation (CV): 14–30%, interclass correlation coefficient (ICC): 0.36–0.79). Only the leg press exercise, of the four FV-variables, showed acceptable reliability (CV:3.7–8.3%, ICC:0.82–0.98). The agreement across methods for F0 and Pmax ranged from (Pearson r): 0.56–0.95, standard error of estimate (SEE%): 5.8–18.8, and for V0 and SFV r: -0.39–0.78, SEE%: 12.2–37.2. With a typical error of 1.5 cm (5–10% CV) in jump height, SFV and V0 cannot be accurately obtained, regardless of the measurement method, using a loading range corresponding to 40–70% of F0. Efforts should be made to either reduce the variation in jumping performance or to assess loads closer to the FV-intercepts. Coaches and researchers should be aware of the poor reliability of the FV-variables obtained from vertical jumping, and of the differences across measurement methods.

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• Lindberg, Kolbjørn Andreas (2023). Slik drar du nytte av placebo­effek­ten i trenin­gen . Fædrelandsvennen. ISSN 0805-3790.
• Lindberg, Kolbjørn Andreas (2023). Hva slags styrketrening er best for deg? . Fædrelandsvennen. ISSN 0805-3790.
• Fosstveit, Sindre Herskedal; Lindberg, Kolbjørn Andreas; Bjørnsen, Thomas; Sibayan, Erlend E.; Fjeller, Joachim S. & Løvold, Sondre [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2022). Associations between power training-induced changes in body composition and physical function in older men: a pretest-posttest experimental study. .
• Lohne-Seiler, Hilde; Lindberg, Kolbjørn Andreas; Fosstveit, Sindre Herskedal; Sibayan, Erlend E.; Fjeller, Joachim S. & Løvold, Sondre [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2022). Physical function and health-related quality of life in older men after 10-weeks power training – any associations?
• Lindberg, Kolbjørn Andreas (2022). Gjør styrketrening deg tregere? lokalavisen fedrelandsvennen.
• Lindberg, Kolbjørn Andreas; Bjørnsen, Thomas; Vårvik, Fredrik Tonstad; Paulsen, Gøran; joensen, malene & Kristoffersen, Morten [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2022). When You Believe You Are In The Intervention Group, You Will Get Better Training Results. A Randomized Controlled Placebo Study .
• Vårvik, Fredrik Tonstad; Bjørnsen, Thomas; Granli, Aslak & Lindberg, Kolbjørn Andreas (2022). Time Course Of Recovery Following Work-Matched Strength-Oriented- Versus Power-Oriented Resistance Exercise Bouts.
• Byrkjedal, Per Thomas; Bjørnsen, Thomas; Luteberget, Live Steinnes; Lindberg, Kolbjørn Andreas; Ivarsson, Andreas & Haukali, Eirik [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). Relationship between external load from simulated ice-hockey games and physical test performance.
• Fosstveit, Sindre Herskedal; Lindberg, Kolbjørn Andreas; Bjørnsen, Thomas; Vårvik, Fredrik Tonstad; Berntsen, Sveinung & Seiler, Hilde Lohne (2022). Associations between power training-induced changes in body composition and physical function in older men: a pretest-posttest experimental study.
• Fosstveit, Sindre Herskedal; Seiler, Hilde Lohne; Lindberg, Kolbjørn Andreas; Berntsen, Sveinung; Bjørnsen, Thomas & Vårvik, Fredrik Tonstad (2020). The effect of individualized power training based on the least developed capacity in force-velocity profiles of elderly men.
• Lindberg, Kolbjørn Andreas (2023). Force velocity profiling for athletes. Universitetet i Agder. ISSN 978-82-8427-153-8. Full text in Research Archive

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