Emmanuel James Chao

• Chao, Emmanuel James (2014). Contractual satisfaction: Drivers and implication for theory. International Journal of Economics and Business Research. ISSN 1756-9850. 7(3), p. 257–274. doi: 10.1504/IJEBR.2014.060368.
• Chao, Emmanuel James (2014). Contractual Completeness: A Comparison of Two Heterogeneous Emerging Markets. Journal of Global Marketing. ISSN 0891-1762. 27(2), p. 106–127. doi: 10.1080/08911762.2013.864373.
• Chao, Emmanuel James (2013). Contractual Dimensions: Towards predicting the drivers of contingency adaptation and contractual term specifications. International Journal of Management & Computing Sciences. ISSN 2231-3303. 3(2).
• Chao, Emmanuel James (2013). Adaptability and ongoing contractual term specificity: Advancements and theoretical implications. Journal of Relationship Marketing. ISSN 1533-2667. 12, p. 1–24. doi: 10.1080/15332667.2013.816925.
• Chao, Emmanuel James & Andersen, Otto (2013). Contractual Satisfaction: The Polish and Tanzanian Perspectives. Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing. ISSN 1051-712X. 20(3), p. 155–173. doi: 10.1080/1051712X.2012.750184.
• Chao, Emmanuel James (2011). Knowledge, Skills & Competencies: A Capability Approach with Strategic Implications. Journal of Knowledge Management Practice. ISSN 1705-9232. 12(2). Show summary

  This paper aims at reconsidering knowledge, skills and competencies from a capability perspective while addressing firms’ strategic response. This is a one of recent attempts in addressing capabilities from a two dimensional form. Identifying nature of capabilities (knowledge, skills and competencies) with respect to this classification align them with firms’ strategic growth objectives. This paper has identified four forms of capabilities based on this classification. These include; Localized capabilities, Blocked (sticky) capabilities, Narrow capabilities, Multiplex Capabilities. Though localized capabilities are hard for competitors to imitate, add less value to firms’ growth options. Multiplex capabilities have a possibility to provide firms with multiple growth options but this come at the expense of more risks from competitor’s attempts to imitate, which lead to their value erosion. Responding to a risky nature of multiplex capabilities, firm need to insulate them through ensuring their value generation is contingent on other assets inside the firm.

• Chao, Emmanuel James (2011). Determinants of vertical coordination in buyer-seller relations: Exploratory findings from a developing economy. International Journal of Business and Management (IJBM). ISSN 1833-3850. 6(8). doi: 10.5539/ijbm.v6n8p25. Show summary

  This is exploratory study that aims at examining formal contractual agreements for firms in Tanzania using Transaction cost theoretical approach. Transactioction cost studies have rarely being done on firms in Africa and Tanzania in particular. Sampling frame is from Tanzania revenue authority records for registerd business 2008-2010. The study is centred on business - to business buyer -seller relations. Primary data were collected from buying side of this business relationship.Random sample of n =150 buyers were contacted through telephone calls and questionnaire were delivered personally. The response rate was about 65%. The findings suggest Transaction cost theoretical framework to be highly consistent with previous findings in western setting inspite of using Tanzania as context. However there were some slight differences which could partly be explained by study limitations.

• Chao, Emmanuel James (2011). Formal Contractual Agreements: A Transaction Cost Study of Tanzania Firms" International Business Research. International Business Research. ISSN 1913-9004. 4(3). doi: 10.5539/ibr.v4n3p68. Show summary

  This is exploratory study that aims at examining formal contractual agreements for firms in Tanzania using Transaction cost theoretical approach. Transactioction cost studies have rarely being done on firms in Africa and Tanzania in particular. Sampling frame is from Tanzania revenue authority records for registerd business 2008-2010. The study is centred on business - to business buyer -seller relations. Primary data were collected from buying side of this business relationship.Random sample of n =150 buyers were contacted through telephone calls and questionnaire were delivered personally. The response rate was about 65%. The findings suggest Transaction cost theoretical framework to be highly consistent with previous findings in western setting inspite of using Tanzania as context. However there were some slight differences which could partly be explained by study limitations.

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• Chao, Emmanuel James & Andersen, Otto (2017). Assessing Drivers of Firm Pro-Active Safeguard Mechanisms.
• Chao, Emmanuel James (2013). Contractual Dimensions: Towards predicting the drivers of contingency adaptation and contractual term specificification.
• Andersen, Otto; Chao, Emmanuel James & Buvik, Arnt (2013). Contractual completeness : complementary and substitutive roles. In Karaosmanoglu, Elif & Bas, A. Banu Elmadag (Ed.), 42nd annual conference : lost in translation : marketing in an interconnected world : conference proceedings. European marketing academy. Show summary

  Contracting literature has argued that both relational and non-relational dimensions will have an impact on contractual completeness, but the nature of this relationship has been less emphasized. This paper develops contracting literature by investigating the complementary and substitutive roles of relational and non-relational dimensions. Key findings indicate that relational dimensions and non-relational dimensions had a complementary effect on contractual completeness. Both relational and non-relational dimensions are important in contracting due to their strong predictive power, suggesting the importance of balancing relational and nonrelational components in supplier-buyer relationships.

• Chao, Emmanuel James (2012). Contractual satisfaction, drivers and implication to theory.
• Chao, Emmanuel James (2012). Influence on dimensions of contractual completeness.
• Chao, Emmanuel James; Andersen, Otto & Buvik, Arnt (2012). Performance ambiguity and flexibility in buyer-supplier relations.
• Chao, Emmanuel James; Andersen, Otto & Buvik, Arnt (2012). Performance ambiguity and flexibility in buyer-supplier relations. EMAC Annual Conference proceedings. ISSN 1027-3395. 41, p. 418–418.
• Chao, Emmanuel James; Andersen, Otto & Buvik, Arnt (2012). Performance ambiguity and flexibility in buyer-supplier relations.
• Chao, Emmanuel James; Andersen, Otto & Buvik, Arnt (2012). Performance ambiguity and flexibility in buyer-supplier relations.
• Chao, Emmanuel James (2011). Formal contractual agreements: Emerging markets perspective.
• Chao, Emmanuel James (2011). Core corporate strategic capabilities: Role of corporate capabilities, integrity, institutions and implications toward sustainable corporate reputation and performance.
• Chao, Emmanuel James (2011). Formal contractual agreement: Are TCA predictions still relevant.
• Andersen, Otto; Chao, Emmanuel James & Buvik, Arnt (2011). Predicting opportunism by specific investments and alternative measures of incomplete information : an exploratory study. Show summary

  The likelihood of opportunistic behavior in a supplier-buyer relationship is believed to increase when one of the exchange partners has made substantial specific investments and when the exchange partners have incomplete information about the other party’s attributes and actions. Within transaction cost analysis (TCA), behavioral uncertainty and performance ambiguity have been used interchangeably to describe incomplete information about the exchange partner. This paper investigates the conceptual differences between performance ambiguity and behavioral uncertainty, and develops empirical measures. The empirical findings indicate that the interaction effect of specific investments and behavioral uncertainty on perceived opportunism is greater than the interaction effect of specific investments and performance ambiguity.

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