Bård Erlend Solstad

• Hygen, Beate Wold; Wendelborg, Christian; Solstad, Bård Erlend; Stenseng, Frode; Øverland, Mari Bore & Skalicka, Vera (2024). Gaming motivation and well-being among Norwegian adult gamers: the role of gender and disability. Frontiers in Medical Technology. 6. doi: 10.3389/fmedt.2024.1330926. Full text in Research Archive
• Furre, Runar; Johansen, Bjørn Tore; Knight, Camilla J.; Mosewich, A.D. & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2024). A longitudinal interpretative phenomenological analysis study of athletes' lived experiences in elite disc golf competitions. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. ISSN 0905-7188. 34(1). doi: 10.1111/sms.14556.
• Laxdal, Aron Gauti; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Augustsson, Sofia Ryman; Ausland, Ådne; Bjärsholm, Daniel & Kjær, Jørgen Bagger [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2024). FIDES Athlete Development Programme: project background and study protocol of an embedded multiple case study. BMJ Open sport & exercise medicine. ISSN 2055-7647. 10(1). doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2024-001898. Full text in Research Archive
• Gredin, N. Viktor; Okholm Kryger, Katrine; McCall, Alan; Solstad, Bård Erlend; Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Massey, Andrew [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Psychology research in women’s soccer: a scoping review. Science and medicine in football. ISSN 2473-3938. doi: 10.1080/24733938.2023.2285962. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Previous research suggests that psychological factors play an important role in trying to explain and predict the participation, performance, and health of player and practitioners in soccer. However, most previous works have focused on specific research questions and included samples from male populations. As part of a larger Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) project aiming to steer women’s soccer research, our purpose with this scoping review was to give an overview of the current state of psychology-related research within women’s soccer. We searched five electronic databases up to April 2023, from which 280 original peer-reviewed articles met the inclusion criteria. Included records were inductively coded into 75 specific research topics and nine broader research categories. Population characteristics within each topic and category, and overall publication trends, were identified. The results revealed a growth in research attention, with notable increases in publication rates around the international competitions years, over the last two decades. While a notable number of abstracts did not report sufficient details about population age and/or playing levels, senior elite players were identified as the most common population studied. Most studies examined several topics from different research categories, with research focusing on emotions, moods and/or environmental factors, and the specific the topics of anxiety, stress, and coach behavior, receiving most research attention. Our study provides an informative mapping of all psychology-related research activity within women’s soccer, which will enhance researchers’ understanding of the current quantity of literature within this complex, heterogeneous, and growing area of research.

• Sølvberg, Nina; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Solstad, Bård Erlend; Mountjoy, Margo; Rosenvinge, Jan Harald & Pettersen, Gunn [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Risk factors for sexual harassment and abuse victimization among adolescent athletes and non-athletes: A one-year follow-up study. International Journal of Child Abuse & Neglect. ISSN 0145-2134. 147. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106592. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background The association between SHA and negative mental health increases the need to understand risk factors for SHA victimization, which is important for future development of prevention programs. Objective To examine which combinations of demographic- and mental health factors were associated with subsequent SHA victimization, and the prevalence of elite athletes, recreational athletes, and reference students who experienced sexual revictimization. Participants and setting Norwegian elite athletes and recreational athletes attending sport high schools, and reference students attending non-sport high schools (mean age: 17.1 years) were eligible for participation. Methods The participants answered an online questionnaire at two measurement points one year apart, T1 and T2 (n = 1139, 51.1 % girls). After testing for measurement invariance, data were analyzed with Classification and Regression Tree analysis (CRT) using demographic- and mental health variables from T1 as independent variables, and SHA at T2 as outcome. Results The combination of being a girl with high level of symptoms of eating disorders and other psychological symptoms was associated with subsequent reporting of SHA. Among the students with lifetime experience of SHA at T1 (n = 533, 58.3 %), 49.5 % reported revictimization at T2 (60.9 % girls, 32.2 % boys, p ≤ .001). The prevalence of SHA revictimization was lower among elite athletes (44.3 %) compared with recreational athletes (49.1 %) and reference students (59.4 %, p = .019). Conclusion The combination of female gender and mental health symptoms are risk factors for subsequent SHA victimization. These findings, and the high prevalence of SHA revictimization is important knowledge for developing preventive programs targeting elite athletes, recreational athletes, and reference students.

• Johansen, Bjørn Tore; Kjær, Ingirid Geirsdatter Heald; Hordvik, Mats Melvold & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2023). “Fake it or hide it till you make it”: A thematic analysis of hiding techniques in physical education among students in secondary school. European Physical Education Review. ISSN 1356-336X. doi: 10.1177/1356336X231198824. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Some students find engaging in physical education (PE) problematic or undesirable to the extent that it makes them adopt strategies to avoid taking part, also known as hiding techniques. There is a need to get a deeper understanding of hiding techniques as a behavioral strategy in PE, especially the underlying causes as to why students choose to engage in them. Hence, the purpose of the current study was two-fold: (a) to investigate the situations and activities in which students engage in hiding techniques in PE and (b) to elucidate students’ motives for engaging in these hiding techniques. 10 Norwegian ninth-grade students (six girls and four boys, all aged 14 years) participated in in-depth interviews using vignettes. Reflexive thematic analysis of the data revealed that hiding techniques can be characterized into active and passive hiding techniques. Active hiding techniques were divided into: “avoiding the ball,” “reducing effort,” and “social dizziness.” Passive hiding techniques were divided into: “forgetting gym clothing,” “faking soreness,” and “warming the bench.” Furthermore, the use of different hiding techniques was found to be situationally related and activity specific. The findings also revealed the following motives for using hiding techniques: low perceived competence, fear of failure, too high expectations, and exposure of perceived low athletic skills. The findings of the current study allow us to reflect on possible ways to organize PE to prevent the use of hiding techniques.

• Johansen, Bjørn Tore; Nordnes, Eileen Sunde & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2023). ‘Busy as a bee’: a qualitative dual analysis of life fulfillment among Norwegian competitive recreational athlete mothers in endurance sports. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health. ISSN 2159-676X. doi: 10.1080/2159676X.2023.2243969. Show summary

  The purpose of the present study was to explore the experiences of meaning-making relating to psychological well-being (PWB) among Norwegian competitive recreational athlete mothers while training for and competing in different endurance sports. The participants were six Norwegian women in the age range of 35–46 (Mage = 39.17) years; all were university college graduates in full-time employment who had at least one child (under 18 years of age) and trained for an average of 10 hours per week. The data collection method was semi-structured interviews and a qualitative dual analysis combining thematic analysis (TA) and interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was used. This decision was made for obtaining a complex, multi-layered description in both breadth and depth of competitive recreational athlete mothers’ sport experiences. TA resulted in creation of four themes: (a) motivation; (b) sportswoman; (c) body and health; and (d) PWB. The analysis revealed how PWB explained through life fulfillment was pre-eminent in the participants’ sport experiences. The IPA of the meaning-making relating to the life fulfillment theme displayed the importance of a) My game and no shame, b) Solution-focused and adaptable, and c) A sporting life is a fulfilling life. The dual analysis enabled us to unpack different possible meanings of the different PWB components that seem to play an important role in the lifeworld of Norwegian competitive recreational athlete mothers. Future research should continue to make use of various qualitative analytic approaches to investigate key psychosocial aspects of competitive recreational athlete mothers’ sport experiences.

• Haraldsen, Heidi Marian; Solstad, Bård Erlend; Fredriksen, Danielle C.; Gustafsson, Henrik; Nordin-Bates, Sanna M. & Knight, Camilla J. (2023). An exploration of reciprocity among teacher and students in female pre-professional ballet education: a shared reality theory perspective. Frontiers in Education. ISSN 2504-284X. 8. doi: 10.3389/feduc.2023.1148922. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The purpose of the present study was to explore perceptions of shared reality in teacher-student partnerships in ballet, and how these perceptions were related to experiences of quality in the relationship and well-being. A longitudinal qualitative study design was adopted, with three female ballet students and their teacher participating in three semi-structured interviews each over an eight-month period. Data were analyzed using a combination of thematic and narrative analysis. Findings indicated that across the teacher-student relationships there were perceptions of a shared reality only on the professional and distanced level and not on a relational and personal level. This was achieved by a common experience of what matters in the world of ballet education as well as students finding their teacher as trustworthy. Furthermore, it appeared that the authoritarian apprenticeship culture in ballet, where the teachers give clear instructions and feedback, and where the student role is to listen and adapt to the teacher’s instructions, was a barrier to fully achieving a shared reality on a personal and deeper level. In turn, this influenced the quality of the relationship and the wellbeing of both teacher and students. The present study offers critical reflections on the cultural backdrop of teaching and learning in ballet and highlights the importance of teachers to facilitate a supportive, unconditional, and trustworthy relationship so that they can work together in a more productive manner.

• Gredin, N. Viktor; Back, Jenny; Johnson, Urban; Svedberg, Petra; Stenling, Andreas & Solstad, Bård Erlend [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). Exploring psychosocial risk factors for dropout in adolescent female soccer. Science and medicine in football. ISSN 2473-3938. 6(5), p. 668–674. doi: 10.1080/24733938.2022.2088843. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives We examined the manner in which age, participation in other sports, socioeconomic status, perceived sport competence, achievement goal orientations, and perceived motivational climate may interact to predict the risk of dropout among adolescent female soccer players. Methods Self-reported data from 519 female soccer players between 10 and 19 years of age (M = 13.41, SD = 1.77) were analysed using a person-centred approach to uncover the interactions among risk factors and their relative predictability of dropout. Results Perceived motivational climate was identified as the main predictor, where relatively lower levels of mastery climate were associated with a higher dropout tendency (absolute risk reduction [ARR] = 12.2% ±6.1% [95% CL]). If combined with relatively lower levels of mastery climate, then relatively lower levels of perceived sport competence were related to higher dropout risks (ARR = 16.5% ±9.5%), whereas, in combination with relatively higher levels of mastery climate, then relatively lower levels of ego-orientated achievement goals were associated with higher dropout rates (ARR = 10.8% ±12.6%) Conclusions Our findings afford novel insights into the interactions between, and the relative importance of, various risk factors for dropout in adolescent female soccer. This knowledge may be useful for soccer associations, clubs, and coaches when developing guidelines and strategies that aim to foster young females’ sustained participation in organised soccer.

• Back, Jenny; Stenling, Andreas; Solstad, Bård Erlend; Svedberg, Petra; Johnson, Urban & Ntoumanis, Nikos [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2022). Psychosocial Predictors of Drop-Out from Organised Sport: A Prospective Study in Adolescent Soccer. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH). ISSN 1661-7827. 19(24), p. 1–11. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192416585. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In recent years an increased drop-out rate in adolescents’ soccer participation has been observed. Given the potentially adverse consequences of drop-out from soccer, more information about risk factors for drop-out is warranted. In the current study, Classification and Regression Tree (CRT) analysis was used to investigate demographic and motivational factors associated with an increased risk of drop-out from adolescent soccer. The results of this study indicate that older age, experiencing less autonomy support from the coach, less intrinsic motivation, being female, and lower socioeconomic status are factors associated with an increased risk of drop-out. An interpretation of the results of this study is that coaches play a central part in creating a sports context that facilitates motivation and continued soccer participation. Based on the findings of the current study we propose that soccer clubs implement theoretically informed coach education programs to help coaches adopt autonomy-supportive coaching strategies.

• Laxdal, Aron Gauti; Johansen, Bjørn Tore; Bere, Elling Tufte & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2022). Towards More Sustainable Sports: Analyzing the Travel Behavior of Adolescent Soccer Players in Southern Norway. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH). ISSN 1661-7827. 19(15), p. 1–7. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19159373. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Mitigating climate change is a global challenge demanding effort from all sectors, and sports are no exception. While transportation is one of the key issues regarding sustainable sports, the methods by which children and adolescents get to practice have not received much attention. The objectives of this study were, therefore, to present how adolescents in Southern Norway travel to soccer practice and assess how the mode of transportation is related to sex, socioeconomic status, age, ethnicity, and distance from home to practice. Cross-sectional data were collected from 558 adolescent soccer players (398 boys and 190 girls) representing 30 different clubs from settlements of varying rurality. While most of the participants lived within cycling distance from the field of practice, the majority opted for passive modes of transportation (55% passive vs. 45% active). A logistic regression analysis found that traveling distance and age were associated with active transportation habits, while sex, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status were not. Further research is needed to examine the main barriers to active travel for this already active population, as active transport represents an opportunity for sports to become more sustainable.

• Solstad, Bård Erlend; Søvik, Margaret Ljosnes; Larsen, Torill Marie Bogsnes & Ommundsen, Yngvar (2022). A coach education initiative in the context of Norwegian grassroots football : implementation and lessons learned. In Leeder, Thomas M. (Eds.), Coach Education in Football : Contemporary Issues and Global Perspectives. Routledge. ISSN 9780367709792. p. 181–192. doi: 10.4324/9781003148784-20. Show summary

  Rates of organised grassroots football participation in Norway exceed those of other European countries with 44% of all children registered in the Norwegian Football Federation (NFF). The guidelines found in Children's Rights in Sports – The Provisions on Children's Sports (NIF, Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, 2015) help organise and implement principles for running sport clubs nationally. According to these guidelines, children's psychosocial functioning and equal opportunity to participate and compete have priority. NFF has recently placed great emphasis on the education of grassroots coaches, but the primary focus is often on football-specific technical and tactical skills. This seems troublesome given that young players are met with an increasing performance focus, resulting in low quality of motivation, psychological ill-being, and sport attrition. Hence, there is a need to re-focus education programmes for grassroots coaches. Building upon theoretical approaches to implementation research, the chapter describes and discusses empirical evidence dealing with implementation and evaluation of a coach education initiative among Norwegian grassroots coaches. The aim was to increase coaches’ ability to strengthen the quality of motivation and the psychosocial functioning among young football players. We end the chapter by describing the lessons learned from the implementation phase.

• Halvari, Anne Elisabeth M.; Ivarsson, Andreas; Halvari, Halgeir; Dahl, Kari Elisabeth; Olafsen, Anja Hagen & Solstad, Bård Erlend [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2022). Dental hygienists’ biopsychosocial beliefs and giving autonomy support in treatment of patients: A self-determination theory perspective. International Journal of Dental Hygiene. ISSN 1601-5029. 20(2), p. 193–202. doi: 10.1111/idh.12584. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives Self-determination theory posits that managers’ autonomy-supportive behaviour and employees’ autonomy causality orientation are motivation constructs to explain internalization of values, functioning and wellness at work. Hypothesis 1 tested whether profiles comprising perceived dental clinic managers’ autonomy-supportive, as opposed to their controlling interpersonal style, and dental hygienists’ autonomy, as opposed to their control and impersonal, causality orientations at baseline, would be positively related to dental hygienists’ biopsychosocial (BPS) beliefs and giving autonomy support in treatment of patients after 18 months. Hypothesis 2 tested whether dental hygienists’ BPS beliefs in treatment of patients will be positively associated with their autonomy-supportive behaviour given to patients after 18 months. Material and methods A prospective cohort design with 299 (Mage = 42.71; SDage = 12.62) dental hygienists completed an online survey at baseline and after 18 months. Results Latent profile and correlational analyses supported the hypotheses. Effect sizes were moderate to large. Conclusions Both perceived managerial styles and dental hygienists’ causality orientations are important for dental hygienists’ BPS beliefs and autonomy-supportive behaviours when working with dental patients.

• Halvari, Anne E.M.; Ivarsson, Andreas; Halvari, Hallgeir; Olafsen, Anja H.; Solstad, Bård & Niemiec, Christopher P. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). A prospective study of knowledge sharing at work based on self-determination theory. Scandinavian Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology. ISSN 2002-2867. 6(1), p. 1–14. doi: 10.16993/sjwop.140. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Knowledge sharing involves the provision or receipt of information, know-how, best practices, lessons learned, and/or feedback about a task, product, and/or procedure in order to develop new skills and competencies at work which can improve individual, group, and/or organizational performances. Based on self-determination theory, the study partners hypothesized that people with more self-determined latent profiles will report more knowledge sharing at work over 18 months than people with less self-determined latent profiles. Participants were 299 dental hygienists who completed a national online survey at baseline and at 18 months. Results of a Latent Profile Analysis revealed that dental hygienists with the most self-determined profile (Profile 2) reported a higher level of knowledge sharing at work at 18 months than dental hygienists in: Profile 1, “the controlled profile,” characterized by perceptions of managerial control and relatively high levels of the control orientation—moderate effect size; Profile 3, “the helpless profile,” characterized by the impersonal orientation and an absence of the autonomy orientation—large effect size; and Profile 4, “the mixed profile,” characterized by both the highest levels of fear of failure and control orientation but also by high levels of autonomy orientation and perceived managerial autonomy support—moderate effect size. Applied implications, particularly around ways to maximize managerial autonomy support and minimize managerial control to promote well-being and performance and reduce ill-being and non-effective functioning, are discussed.

• Bentzen, Marte; Hordvik, Mats; Stenersen, Magne Hem & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2021). A longitudinal transitional perspective on why adolescents choose to quit organized sport in Norway. Psychology of Sport And Exercise. ISSN 1469-0292. 56, p. 1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.102015. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The present study used a prospective cohort design to explore the reasons why young athletes decided to quit playing handball. The theoretical underpinnings were drawn from the fields of career transition, motivation, and meaningful experiences in organized youth sport. Thirty-four athletes were included in a larger research project exploring the complex interplay of psychosocial factors during the transition period from lower-to upper-secondary school in Norway. In this study, the data collection involved three sources: individual interviews with the 10 athletes who decided to leave their teams during the study period (five girls and five boys), and individual open-ended questionnaires for these 10 participants collected five times over two seasons, aligned with their participation in focus group interviews. The data analysis involved a three-step process of inductive content analysis of the total corpus of the data. A core finding indicates that all adolescents had gone through a decision-making process over time to determine whether they should continue or quit. It was a process of accumulating reasons that resulted in the final decision. However, the results reveal a broad variation within individual perception and interpretation of what each adolescent experienced as meaningful. Of equal importance, the adolescents not only took their experiences in sport into account when considering quitting organized youth sport, but these were considered in light of their evaluation of meaningfulness in other areas of life. Overall, findings indicate that “dropping out of organized youth sport” should not be regarded as unambiguously negative.

• Solstad, Bård Erlend; Granerud, Morten; Haraldsen, Heidi Marian; Gustafsson, Henrik & Knight, Camilla J. (2021). An exploration of reciprocity between female athletes and their coach in elite junior swimming: a shared reality theory perspective. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health. ISSN 2159-676X. doi: 10.1080/2159676X.2021.1941211. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Based on the proposition that the relationship between a coach and athlete is at its best when both parties contribute to enhancing its quality, the present study sought to investigate if Shared Reality Theory could provide new insights on the topic. Specifically, the purpose of the present study was to explore: (a) how a shared reality is established, or fails to be established, over the course of the sporting partnership between athletes and their coach; and (b) how the presence of a shared reality (or not) in the coach-athlete relationship is related to the experienced quality of the relationship between athletes and their coach, as recorded over time. Narrative inquiry, embedded within a longitudinal qualitative approach, was adopted. Six female elite junior swimmers and their head coach completing three interviews each over a 9-month period. Data were analysed using narrative thematic analysis, leading to the development of two narratives: A prevention-oriented narrative and a promotion-oriented narrative. Overall, the findings suggests that athletes who experience a shared reality with their coach are more motivated and report a higher sense of psychological well-being. To establish the experience of a shared reality, reciprocal and honest communication motivated by trust in the other is needed. Due to power imbalance, it is deemed important for coaches to be supportive and trustworthy to encourage athletes to communicate with them, so the coach and his/her athletes can work together in a synergistic manner.

• Haraldsen, Heidi Marian; Abrahamsen, Frank Eirik; Solstad, Bård Erlend & Halvari, Halgeir (2021). Narrative Tensions in Strained Junior Elite Performers' Experiences of Becoming Elite Performers. Frontiers in Psychology. ISSN 1664-1078. 12. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.645098. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Contextualized within narrative theory and the field of talent identification and development systems (TIDS), this interview study examined strained junior elite performers’ experiences of becoming elite performers while participating in prestigious national TIDS. The study explored how junior elite performers perceive and negotiate their personal narratives of becoming within a cultural master narrative of being. The focus is on how the quality of person-environment interaction, characterized by narrative alignment or tensions, relates to perceptions of identity, agency, physical, and mental health. We purposefully recruited eight participants (Mage = 17.31, SD = 0.90) from a previously published study, who reported experiencing sub-optimal psychological functioning compared with their peers, to explore narrative tensions in their storylines. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and examined using narrative analysis. We identified “the performance narrative” as the dominating cultural narrative within the TIDS and three distinct personal narratives of negotiation with unique characteristics: obsessive and externally driven alignment—‘Striving to stay at the top of the game’; tensions—‘Just hanging in there’; and disruption from alignment—‘When the going gets tough’. The results indicated that tensions and lack of alignment between the dominating cultural narrative and the individual narrative seem to increase the risk of experiencing identity challenges, sub-optimal functioning, and aspects of ill-being. The study offers critical reflections on the dominating performance narrative within TIDS, and additionally suggests an alternative athlete-centered and more holistic approach that combines both personal and performance development.

• Solstad, Bård Erlend; Stenling, Andreas; Ommundsen, Yngvar; Wold, Bente; Heuzé, Jean-Philippe & Sarrazin, Philippe [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2020). Initial psychometric testing of the coach-adapted version of the empowering and disempowering motivational climate questionnaire: A Bayesian approach. Journal of Sports Sciences. ISSN 0264-0414. 38(6), p. 626–643. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1722575. Show summary

  The present study examined the psychometric properties of the coach-adapted version of the Empowering and Disempowering Motivational Climate Questionnaire (EDMCQ) using Bayesian structural equation modelling (BSEM). The sample included 780 (Mage = 36.4; SD = 10.8; males n = 698; females n = 54; 28 participants did not report sex) youth sport coaches representing five European countries (i.e., England, France, Greece, Norway, and Spain). The results did not support a 34-item five-factor, hierarchical, a two-factor BSEM, or a bifactor BSEM model across the participating countries. However, the results supported a reduced 19-item first-order, two-factor BSEM model that largely showed approximate metric invariance, but not approximate scalar invariance across the five countries. The pool of items constituting empowering and disempowering motivational climates should be refined to further enhance the empirical operationalisation of the coach-adapted version of the EDMCQ. Advancing the quality of translation-back-translation procedures across cultures and conducting multi-national pilot testing seems warranted as well. These recommendations may help to identify the distinctive aspects of each underlying sub-dimension of the EDMCQ, where coaches are the respondents, and pave the way for further examination of the proposed hierarchical multidimensional factor structure and the cross-cultural equivalence of the EDMCQ for this population.

• Haraldsen, Heidi M.; Ivarsson, Andreas; Solstad, Bård Erlend; Abrahamsen, Frank Eirik & Halvari, Hallgeir (2020). Composites of perfectionism and inauthenticity in relation to controlled motivation, performance anxiety and exhaustion among elite junior performers. European Journal of Sport Science (EJSS). ISSN 1746-1391. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1763478. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The present study identified profiles of perfectionism and inauthenticity at baseline and tested whether they differed in the maladaptive outcomes of controlled motivation, performance anxiety, and exhaustion after a nine-month period. We purposefully selected elite junior performers (NT1 = 219; NT2 = 156), 16–19 years of age, from Norwegian talent development schools in sports and performing arts. The participants completed questionnaires to report their perceptions of the study variables. The results of the latent profile analysis indicated a multidimensionality of perfectionism, thereby identifying four profiles. Although our identified profiles are in line with the 2×2 model of perfectionism; however, the results of the mean differences between the identified profiles did not align with the 2×2 model’s hypotheses. The elite junior performers who displayed non-perfectionism demonstrated to be the most adaptive profile. They reported the lowest level of inauthenticity and the maladaptive outcomes of controlled motivation, performance anxiety, and exhaustion. The mixed perfectionism profile, displaying high levels of perfectionistic concerns (PC) and perfectionistic strivings (PS), demonstrated to be the least adaptive profile. This profile reported higher levels of inauthenticity and was even more maladaptive than the PC dominated profile contrary to the proposed hypotheses. Findings showed that a heightened vulnerability of perfectionism seems evident in PC, independent of the reported PS levels. Because only one out of five elite junior performers were distributed in the non-perfectionism profile, the vulnerability of perfectionism might be an important risk factor to note in talent development settings.

• Haraldsen, Heidi Marian; Solstad, Bård Erlend; Ivarsson, Andreas; Halvari, Halgeir & Abrahamsen, Frank Eirik (2020). Change in basic need frustration in relation to perfectionism, anxiety, and performance in elite junior performers. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. ISSN 0905-7188. doi: 10.1111/sms.13614. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The present study examined if there were different growth profiles in basic needs frustration in elite junior performers over a nine months period. Subsequently, we examined if the identified growth profiles differed in their levels of perfectionistic strivings and evaluative concerns measured at baseline, and additionally, whether they were associated with higher or lower levels of anxiety and perceived performance level in the end of the period. A sample of 259 (Mage = 17.31; SDage= .97) elite junior performers from sports and performing arts completed an online questionnaire to report their self‐ratings of the study variables. The analyses were conducted using growth mixture modelling in Mplus 8.0. Two main contrasting growth profiles were identified in each of the basic needs frustration. Perfectionistic strivings were overall higher than evaluative concerns, but did not differ between the growth profiles. Conversely, evaluative concerns differed significantly between the identified growth profiles. Higher levels of evaluative concerns were associated with the most maladaptive growth profiles. Indeed, elite junior performers who experienced moderate and increasing levels of competence and autonomy frustration, reported higher levels of anxiety and lower levels of perceived performance level than those who reported low and decreasing levels of competence and autonomy frustration. Based on these findings, evaluative concerns and basic needs frustration appear to play key roles in the development of maladaptive motivational processes over time.

• Haraldsen, Heidi Marian; Halvari, Halgeir; Solstad, Bård Erlend; Abrahamsen, Frank Eirik & Nordin-Bates, Sanna M. (2019). The Role of Perfectionism and Controlling Conditions in Norwegian Elite Junior Performers’ Motivational Processes. Frontiers in Psychology. ISSN 1664-1078. 10(June). doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01366. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Conceptualized within the framework of self-determination theory, the aim of the current study was to investigate the relation between perfectionistic concerns and (a) controlled (non-self-determined) motivation and (b) performance anxiety through basic psychological need frustration (frustration of competence, autonomy, and realtedness), and if these relations would be moderated by controlling teaching/coaching conditions. We used a cross-sectional moderated mediation design and purposefully selected Norwegian elite junior performers (N = 171; mean age = 17.3; SD age = 0.94) from talent development schools, who completed an online questionnaire to report their perceptions of the study variables. Associations were examined using structural equation modeling. The results showed that perfectionistic concerns were positively associated with controlling conditions, basic needs frustration, controlled motivation, and performance anxiety. Reported controlling teaching/coaching conditions moderated the positive indirect relationship between perfectionistic concerns and (a) controlled motivation and (b) performance anxiety through competence need frustration. Specifically, these indirect associations were evident for performers reporting moderate or high levels of controlling teaching/coaching conditions. In contrast, there were no indirect associations via competence need frustration for those performers who reported low levels of controlling conditions. In conclusion, the results indicate that perfectionistic concerns appear to be a vulnerability factor that exposes elite junior performers to higher risks of entering a debilitative motivational process. This seems especially likely when exposed to controlling teaching/coaching conditions. Coaches and teachers working with elite junior performers should avoid using controlling mechanisms and instead foster autonomous functioning.

• Pedersen, Cathrine; Halvari, Halgeir; Solstad, Bård Erlend & Bentzen, Marte (2019). Longitudinal trajectories of physical activity among employees participating in a worksite health promotion intervention: A latent class growth approach. Psychology of Sport And Exercise. ISSN 1469-0292. 43, p. 311–320. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.03.007. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives: This study investigated different patterns of physical activity (PA; frequency, intensity, and duration) among employees during and after participating in a worksite health-promotion intervention over a period of one year. The study aimed to assess whether different patterns of PA were associated with perceived competence and motivational regulations for PA. Design: A cluster randomized controlled trial with a delayed-intervention control group. The design of the group-based intervention was based on the tenets of Self-determination theory (SDT). Method: The study consisted of employees (N = 202, M age = 42.5) working with manual labor in an (Anonymized) transport and logistics company. A person-centered approach was applied in order to explore if there were different latent trajectories within the sample related to PA. The data was analyzed with latent class growth analysis (LCGA) and the modified BCH method. Results: The LCGA identified three PA trajectories: (1) employees high at baseline who declined significantly (n = 16), (2) employees who remained stable at a moderate level (n = 55), and (3) the majority of employees who reported low levels at baseline and increased significantly (n = 128). High levels of PA were associated with higher levels of perceived competence and autonomous forms of motivation for, which is in line with the tenets of SDT. Contrary to study hypothesis, controlled forms of motivation increased in all three trajectories after the intervention. Conclusions: Different trajectories of PA were found, and the intervention was able to attract employees with low levels of PA.

• Kristiansen, Elsa; Ivarsson, Andreas; Solstad, Bård Erlend & Roberts, Glyn (2019). Motivational processes affecting the perception of organizational and media stressors among professional football players: A longitudinal mixed methods research study. Psychology of Sport And Exercise. ISSN 1469-0292. 43, p. 172–182. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.02.009. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine professional football players’ perceptions of organizational and media stressors over a season using Achievement Goal Theory (AGT) as the overarching motivational framework. We elaborated upon the experience of the extant motivational climate and how players perceived and coped with a number of organizational and media stressors during the season. Design: A mixed-methods approach was used in this longitudinal investigation with the quantitative testing of hypotheses (strand 1) complemented with interviews (strand II) exploring the perceptions of players of the target variables within their role in the team (captains, starters, and marginal players). Method: 27 players from one men’s team in a Scandinavian Premier Division completed a series of questionnaires at ten occasions during the season. We used the Bayesian dynamic p-technique analysis to investigate the relationships between AGT constructs and stressors. At the end of the season, 11 players were interviewed. The qualitative data were coded and narratives were used when presenting the findings. Results: The quantitative results showed that a perceived mastery climate created by the coach was associated with low perceived magnitude of organizational stressors. The qualitative results revealed the main categories of organizational stressors were the selected line-up for games, injuries, and losing games. The results for media stressors revealed that task orientation was associated with low perceived magnitude of media stressors the following month, while ego orientation had the opposite relationship. The qualitative findings revealed that injured and marginal players were more sensitive to media questioning in a season where the team was acknowledged for their team performance. Conclusions: There are benefits of being task-involved through task orientation and perception of a mastery climate to combat the quantity, frequency, and/or intensity of the perception of organizational and media stressors in professional football.

• Jordalen, Gro; Lemyre, Nicolas; Solstad, Bård Erlend & Ivarsson, Andreas (2018). The Role of Self-Control and Motivation on Exhaustion in Youth Athletes: A Longitudinal Perspective. Frontiers in Psychology. ISSN 1664-1078. 9. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02449. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The depletion of self-control competencies has been explained by an external shift in motivation, and recent research has emphasized that controlled types of motivation and self-control competencies are positively associated with exhaustion in youth athletes. Using the self-determination theory and self-control theories, this study examined associations between athletes’ motivation, self-control competencies, and exhaustion experiences throughout a competitive season. A total of 321 winter sport youth athletes (173 males, 98 females, and 50 unknown gender; aged 16 to 20 years, M = 17.98, SD = 0.89) participated in this 10-week longitudinal study, including three time points. Using Bayesian structural equation modeling, associations between athletes’ reported level of motivation regulations, self-control, and exhaustion throughout their competitive season were examined in two mediation models. Constructs were associated in a conceptual and consistent manner. Simple mediation models showed credible indirect and direct effects of motivation on exhaustion via self-control within amotivation, and intrinsic, integrated, identified, and external regulation analyses. These credible effects were not replicated in the focused mediation model, when controlling for self-control and exhaustion autoregressive effects. However, direction of effects in both models was consistent and congruent. Findings consistently supported the interplay between motivation and exhaustion via self-control in youth athletes over an important competition period of the year. Autonomous and controlled motivation interacted with self-control and respectively predicted perceived exhaustion negatively and positively. Thus, autonomous self-control motives are important in preventing negative sport participation development over time. However, simple and focused mediation models showed different results, suggesting a necessity for accurate considerations of analytical methods chosen to investigate longitudinal mediation. Specifically, future studies need to carefully consider the time interval between measurement time points when investigating changes in dynamic psychological constructs, and include autoregressive longitudinal effects in order to predict change in levels of the outcome over time.

• Gjesdal, Siv; Stenling, Andreas; Solstad, Bård Erlend & Ommundsen, Yngvar (2018). A study of coach‐team perceptual distance concerning the coach‐created motivational climate in youth sport. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. ISSN 0905-7188. 29(1), p. 132–143. doi: 10.1111/sms.13306. Show summary

  The purpose of this study was to examine whether coach‐team perceptual distance regarding the coach‐created motivational climate related to achievement goal orientations and affective responses. To this end, we used polynomial regression analysis with response surface methodology. The sample consisted of 1359 youth soccer players (57.8% male; Mage = 11.81 years, SD = 1.18), belonging to 87 different teams (Msize = 16.47), and 87 coaches (94.6% male, Mage = 42 years, SD = 5.67). Results showed that team perceptions of a coach‐created mastery climate were positively related to team‐rated task goal orientation and enjoyment, whereas team perceptions of a coach‐created performance climate were positively related to team‐rated ego goal orientation and anxiety, and negatively related to team‐rated enjoyment. These relationships were generally stronger with higher levels of perceptual agreement between the coach and the team. In situations of perceptual disagreement, the most negative effects were seen when the coach held a more favorable perception of the motivational climate compared to the team. The findings highlight the importance of perceptual agreement between the coach and his/her team, contributing to the literature focusing on the effects of the coach‐created motivational climate.

• Bean, Corliss; Solstad, Bård Erlend; Ivarsson, Andreas & Forneris, Tanya (2018). Longitudinal associations between perceived programme quality, basic needs support and basic needs satisfaction within youth sport: A person-centred approach. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. ISSN 1612-197X. p. 1–17. doi: 10.1080/1612197X.2018.1462234. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Acknowledging the importance of longitudinal data to test process-based psychological theories of motivation is critical. The purpose of this study was to use a person-centred approach to identify unique subgroups (i.e. profiles) of youth athletes based on their level of self-reported programme quality (PQ) and basic needs support mid-way through their sport season and investigate potential differences between the subgroups on their self-reported basic needs satisfaction at the end of the sport season. The current study involved 541 Canadian youth athletes (males n = 289; females n = 250; gender-fluid n = 2) within 52 sport programmes over the course of 18 months. Youth athletes ranged in age from 8 through 19 (M = 13.76, SD = 2.61). A latent profile analysis (LPA) in Mplus 8.0 was used to carry out the analyses. The LPA revealed three distinct profiles based on youth athletes’ levels of self-reported PQ and basic needs support. Specifically, athletes who perceived their sport experience to be of higher quality and supported their basic psychological needs midway through the sport season also reported higher levels of basic needs satisfaction at season end. Results from this study contribute to the field of sport psychology through understanding how basic needs theory contributes to the dimensions of programme quality and by informing recommendations for future coach education on how to satisfy youth athletes’ basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness through programme delivery.

• Ommundsen, Yngvar; Solstad, Bård Erlend; Høigaard, Rune & Wold, Bente (2018). Mestrer jeg trenerrollen? : Validitet og reliabilitet i en skala til måling av mestringstro i et utvalg norske breddefotballtrenere. In Haugen, Tommy & Høigaard, Rune (Ed.), Trender i idrettspsykologisk forskning i Skandinavia. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISSN 978-82-02-59690-3. p. 47–72. doi: 10.23865/noasp.39.ch3.
• Pensgaard, Anne Marte; Ivarsson, Andreas; Nilstad, Agnethe; Solstad, Bård Erlend & Steffen, Kathrin (2018). Psychosocial stress factors, including the relationship with the coach, and their influence on acute and overuse injury risk in elite female football players. BMJ Open sport & exercise medicine. ISSN 2055-7647. 4(1). doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2017-000317. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: The relationship between specific types of stressors (eg, teammates, coach) and acute versus overuse injuries is not well understood. Objective: To examine the roles of different types of stressors as well as the effect of motivational climate on the occurrence of acute and overuse injuries. Methods: Players in the Norwegian elite female football league (n=193 players from 12 teams) participated in baseline screening tests prior to the 2009 competitive football season. As part of the screening, we included the Life Event Survey for Collegiate Athletes and the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire (Norwegian short version). Acute and overuse time-loss injuries and exposure to training and matches were recorded prospectively in the football season using weekly text messaging. Data were analysed with Bayesian logistic regression analyses. Results: Using Bayesian logistic regression analyses, we showed that perceived negative life event stress from teammates was associated with an increased risk of acute injuries (OR=1.23, 95% credibility interval (1.01 to 1.48)). There was a credible positive association between perceived negative life event stress from the coach and the risk of overuse injuries (OR=1.21, 95% credibility interval (1.01 to 1.45)). Conclusions: Players who report teammates as a source of stress have a greater risk of sustaining an acute injury, while players reporting the coach as a source of stress are at greater risk of sustaining an overuse injury. Motivational climate did not relate to increased injury occurrence.

• Solstad, Bård Erlend; Ivarsson, Andreas; Haug, Ellen & Ommundsen, Yngvar (2018). Youth Sport Coaches’ Well-Being Across the Season: The Psychological Costs and Benefits of Giving Empowering and Disempowering Sports Coaching to Athletes. International Sport Coaching Journal. ISSN 2328-918X. doi: 10.1123/iscj.2017-0026. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The purpose of this study was to investigate the associations between giving empowering and disempowering sports coaching to young athletes and coaches’ well-being across the season. The sample comprised 169 Norwegian youth football (i.e., European soccer) coaches with a mean age of 41.99 (SD = 6.32). Moreover, we were interested in examining heterogeneous groups of coaches showing variability in their self-reporting of empowering and disempowering behaviors towards their athletes. Thus, a person-centered approach was used. The latent profile analysis revealed three distinct profiles and the association between these profiles and coaches’ well-being was in line with the outlined hypotheses. Specifically, coaches who gave higher levels of empowering and lower levels of disempowering sports coaching to their athletes at the beginning of the season also reported higher levels of well-being at the end of the season. The results indicate that there exists an intrinsic value as to why coaches should give empowering sports coaching, as opposed to disempowering sports coaching, to their athletes; namely, these actions may be advantageous in terms of improving their own well-being. In practical terms, future coach education may take advantage of these findings by providing coaches another reason for coaching in an empowering manner.

• Solstad, Bård Erlend; Larsen, Torill Marie Bogsnes; Holsen, Ingrid; Ivarsson, Andreas; Ronglan, Lars Tore & Ommundsen, Yngvar (2017). Pre- to post-season differences in empowering and disempowering behaviours among youth football coaches: a sequential mixed-methods study. Sports Coaching Review. ISSN 2164-0629. doi: 10.1080/21640629.2017.1361166. Show summary

  The aim of this study was to investigate differences in selfreported behaviours among youth football (i.e. European soccer) coaches from pre- to post-season, and additionally, their evaluative reactions to participation in the Norwegian arm of the Empowering Coaching™ Training Programme (ECTP). A total of 193 coaches (174 males; 19 females; M = 41.99; SD = 6.32) completed a questionnaire concerning their use of empowering and disempowering behaviours at the beginning and end of the sport season. Moreover, 12 of these coaches (10 males; 2 females; M = 41.67; SD = 5.68) were interviewed at the end of the sport season using semistructured interviews. Whereas coaches’ empowering and disempowering behaviours did not differ from pre- to postseason, post-season interviews showed that participation in the ECTP led coaches to reflect on their coaching practises, facilitating an increased focus on enabling autonomy and involvement for the athletes and more attention paid to the athletes’ feelings of mastery.

• Solstad, Bård Erlend; van Hoye, Aurelie & Ommundsen, Yngvar (2015). Social-contextual and intrapersonal antecedents of coaches' basic need satisfaction: The intervening variable effect of providing autonomy-supportive coaching. Psychology of Sport And Exercise. ISSN 1469-0292. 20, p. 84–93. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.05.001. Show summary

  Objectives: Based on Self-Determination Theory (SDT; Deci & Ryan, 2012) and in line with Mageau and Vallerand's (2003) motivational model of the coach-athlete relationship, a new model involving antecedents associated with coaches' self-report measure of total need satisfaction (TNS) was tested. This model hypothesized that: (1) coaches' perceptions of a socially united group of athletes and their self-determined motivation for coaching would relate positively to coaches' provision of autonomy-supportive coaching (ASC), whereas perception of parental pressure in the youth sport context would relate negatively to coaches' provision of ASC; (2) coaches' provision of ASC towards their athletes would, in turn, relate positively to their self-report measure of TNS; and (3) the relation between coaches' perceptions of the sport context, along with their self-determined motivation for coaching, and coaches' self-report measure of TNS would be mediated by coaches' own provision of ASC. Design: A cross-sectional study. Methods: Participants were 222 (Mage = 42.3, SD = 6.1) youth soccer coaches. Results: SEM analyses supported the hypothesized model in which coaches' perceptions of a socially united group of athletes and their self-determined motivation for coaching related positively to coaches' self-report measure of TNS through coaches' provision of ASC. In contrast, coaches' perceptions of parental pressure in the youth sport context was unrelated to coaches' self-report measure of TNS via coaches' provision of ASC. Conclusions: Findings support previous research by demonstrating the psychological benefit of providing autonomy support to others.

• Solstad, Bård Erlend & Lemyre, Nicolas (2014). Why Coaches should Encourage Swimmers' Efforts to Succeed. Journal of Swimming Research. ISSN 0747-5993. 22(1).

View all works in Cristin

• Solstad, Bård Erlend; Fahrenholtz, Ida; Melin, Anna K.; Garthe, Ina; Waaland, Marlene & Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2023). THE EFFECT OF A DIGITAL INTERVENTION ON EATING AND WEIGHT CONCERNS AMONG FEMALE ENDURANCE ATHLETES WITH HIGH VERSUS LOW RISK OF EATING DISORDERS.
• Knight, Camilla J. & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2023). Ti råd til idrettsforeldre: Slik støtter du barna best . Fædrelandsvennen. ISSN 0805-3790.
• Hygen, Beate Wold & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2023). Gaming: Mye bra, men ett stort faresignal . Fædrelandsvennen. ISSN 0805-3790.
• Halvari, Anne Elisabeth M.; Ivarsson, Andreas; Halvari, Halgeir; Olafsen, Anja Hagen; Solstad, Bård Erlend & Williams, Geoffrey Colin (2023). A prospective study of knowledge sharing at work based on self-determination theory.
• Solstad, Bård Erlend & Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2022). Idrettskonkurranser kan gi verdifulle fortrinn .
• Kjær, Ingirid Geirsdatter Heald & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2022). Voksne hemmer barns utviklingsmuligheter .
• Solstad, Bård Erlend & Johansen, Bjørn Tore (2022). Idrettskonkurranser kan gi verdifulle fortrinn. lokalavisen fedrelandsvennen.
• Kjær, Ingirid Geirsdatter Heald & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2022). Voksne hemmer barns utviklingsmuligheter. lokalavisen fedrelandsvennen.
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2021). Idretten er ikke syk, men den trenger en ny retning. Fædrelandsvennen. ISSN 0805-3790.
• Solstad, Bård Erlend & Ivarsson, Andreas (2021). Hvordan få flere utøvere til å kombinere toppidrettssatsing og høyere utdanning? . Sunnmørsposten. ISSN 1503-9056.
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2021). Tid for å bevege en hel nasjon . Adresseavisen. ISSN 0805-3804.
• Solstad, Bård Erlend & Ivarsson, Andreas (2021). Hvordan få flere utøvere til å kombinere toppidrettssatsing og høyere utdanning? . Adresseavisen. ISSN 0805-3804.
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2021). Tid for å bevege en hel nasjon . Romsdals Budstikke.. ISSN 0806-5160.
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2021). Tid for å bevege en hel nasjon . Fædrelandsvennen. ISSN 0805-3790.
• Solstad, Bård Erlend & Ivarsson, Andreas (2021). Hvordan få flere utøvere til å kombinere toppidrettssatsing og høyere utdanning? . Folkebladet.no.
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2021). Tid for å bevege en hel nasjon . Folkebladet.no.
• Solstad, Bård Erlend & Ivarsson, Andreas (2021). Hvordan få flere utøvere til å kombinere toppidrettssatsing og høyere utdanning? Stavanger Aftenblad. ISSN 0804-8991.
• Solstad, Bård Erlend & Ivarsson, Andreas (2021). Hvordan få flere utøvere til å kombinere toppidrettssatsing og høyere utdanning? Fædrelandsvennen. ISSN 0805-3790.
• Pedersen, Cathrine; Halvari, Hallgeir; Solstad, Bård Erlend & Bentzen, Marte (2019). Changes in physical activity during a worksite intervention: Latent trajectories and their relationship to competence and motivational regulation.
• Fredriksen, Danielle; Solstad, Bård Erlend; Knight, Camilla & Lemyre, Pierre-Nicolas (2019). Reciprocal Relationships between Teacher and Students in Female Elite Junior Ballet: A Shared Reality Theory Perspective.
• Bjåen, Daniel; Solstad, Bård Erlend; Knight, Camilla & Lemyre, Pierre-Nicolas (2019). Reciprocal Relationships between Coach and Players in Female Elite Junior Soccer: A Shared Reality Theory Perspective.
• Granerud, Morten; Solstad, Bård Erlend; Knight, Camilla & Lemyre, Pierre-Nicolas (2019). Reciprocal Relationships between Coach and Athletes in Female Elite Junior Swimming: A Shared Reality Theory Perspective.
• Haraldsen, Heidi; Halvari, Hallgeir; Abrahamsen, Frank Eirik; Solstad, Bård Erlend; Nordin-Bates, Sanna M. & Ivarsson, Andreas (2019). Hva motiverer unge utøvere til å satse?
• Haraldsen, Heidi; Halvari, Halgeir; Solstad, Bård Erlend & Abrahamsen, Frank Eirik (2018). Successful failures? A test of the role of controlled learning conditions in the motivational processes of perfectionist elite performers from ballet, music, and sport in a moderated mediation model.
• Haraldsen, Heidi; Halvari, Halgeir; Abrahamsen, Frank Eirik & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2018). Linking Perfectionism and Controlling Conditions with Introjected Motivation, Exhaustion, and Anxiety via Competence Frustration: A moderated Mediation Model among Elite Junior Performers.

View all works in Cristin