Anine Christine Medin

• Medin, Anine Christine; Vik, Frøydis Nordgård; Helle, Christine; Helland, Sissel Heidi; Wills, Andrew Keith & Osorio, Natalie Garzon [Show all 22 contributors for this article] (2024). Scaling up evidence-based digital early life nutrition interventions in a county setting: an implementation trial – protocol for Phase 2 of the Nutrition Now project. Frontiers in Public Health. ISSN 2296-2565. 11. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1326787. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Few effective health interventions transition from smaller efficacy or effectiveness studies to real-world implementation at scale, representing a gap between evidence and practice. Recognising this, we have developed Nutrition Now – a tailored digital resource building on four efficacious dietary interventions, aiming to improve nutrition in the important first 1,000 days of life. Nutrition Now targets and guides expectant parents and parents of 0–2 year olds, serves as a reliable source of evidence-based information for midwives and public health nurses at maternal and child healthcare (MCH) centres, and offers pedagogical tools for early childhood education and care (ECEC) staff. The aim of this study is to implement Nutrition Now at scale and evaluate the impact of different sets of multifaceted implementation strategies on implementation outcomes. Methods: A quasi-experimental design with three study arms will be used, providing either low, medium or high implementation support, when rolled out in 50 municipalities in 2 counties in Norway. Nutrition Now will be implemented in MCH and ECEC settings and made available to expectant parents and parents of 0–2 year olds through social media and MCH. The implementation support builds on strategies described in the Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change (ERIC) implementation framework and is informed by dialogues with stakeholders. Impact of the different degree of implementation support will be assessed by examining reach, adoption, fidelity, and sustainability using usage data generated from the Nutrition Now resource, publicly available municipal data and qualitative interviews with MCH and ECEC staff. Discussion: Nutrition Now Phase 2 will break new ground by scaling up successively delivered and complementary dietary interventions in the first 1,000 days of life in a real-life context. The project also seeks to identify what level of implementation support is most effective when implementing digital, scalable, evidence-based early-life nutrition interventions in community settings. The project will inform implementation research and provide knowledge about effective implementation strategies to be used in a national scale-up of Nutrition Now. Trial registration: The study is registered prospectively (submitted 14/06/2022, registration date: 19/06/2022) in the International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number registry (ISRCTN): reg. Number: ISRCTN10694967, https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN10694967.

• Salvesen, Lorentz; Valen, Erlend Larsen; Wills, Andrew Keith; Hillesund, Elisabet Rudjord; Vik, Frøydis Nordgård & Engeset, Dagrun [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). Developmental origins of health and disease knowledge is associated with diet quality in preconception young adult men and women. Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease. ISSN 2040-1744. doi: 10.1017/S2040174423000314. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) approach supports that nutritional exposures in early life affect an individual’s later health and risk of disease. Dietary exposure during the preconception period may also influence individual, and inter- and transgenerational health and disease risk, in both men and women. This study aimed to describe knowledge of the DOHaD approach (DOHaDKNOWLEDGE) and diet quality in preconception young adults in Norway, to assess associations between DOHaDKNOWLEDGE and a Diet Quality Score (DQS), and to assess gender differences in those above. Data from 1362 preconception young adults was obtained from the PREPARED study baseline dataset. The sample had 88% women participants, a mean age of 27 years, 36% had overweight or obesity, and 77% had higher level of education. DOHaDKNOWLEDGE was assessed by the participants’ agreement to five statements using a Likert scale. Diet quality was assessed using aspects of diet quality and a DQS derived from a dietary screener. We found moderate level of both DOHaDKNOWLEDGE (12/20 points) and diet quality (DQS: 60/100 points), indicating potential for improvements. Specifically, the greatest potential for diet quality improvements were observed for sugary foods, red and processed meats, legumes, and unsalted nuts and seeds. Gender differences were observed for both DOHaDKNOWLEDGE and diet quality. DOHaDKNOWLEDGE was positively associated with DQS, adjusted for sociodemographic factors, with little evidence of an interaction effect by gender. This study indicates that knowledge of the DOHaD approach is positively associated with diet quality in preconception young men and women. Future studies should consider incorporating pregnancy intentions, relationship status, and health literacy.

• Øverby, Nina Cecilie; Hillesund, Elisabet Rudjord; Medin, Anine Christine; Vik, Frøydis Nordgård & Ostojic, Sergej (2023). Nutrition in a lifecourse perspective: From molecular aspects to public health approaches. Maternal & Child Nutrition. ISSN 1740-8695. 20(S2). doi: 10.1111/mcn.13582. Full text in Research Archive
• Groufh-Jacobsen, Synne; Larsson, Christel; Van Daele, Wim; Margerison, Claire; Mulkerrins, Isabelle & Aasland, Lale Marie [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Food literacy and diet quality in young vegans, lacto-ovo vegetarians, pescatarians, flexitarians and omnivores. Public Health Nutrition (PHN). ISSN 1368-9800. p. 1–11. doi: 10.1017/S1368980023002124. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective: To investigate whether food literacy competencies and diet quality vary between 16-to-24-year-olds vegans, lacto-ovo vegetarians, pescatarians, flexitarians and omnivores and to assess whether food literacy is associated with diet quality. Design: Cross-sectional study. Food literacy (general nutrition knowledge, critical nutrition literacy and food skills) and diet quality were measured using an electronic questionnaire. Setting: Southern Norway, September 2021 – March 2022. Participants: Healthy 16–24-year-olds (n 165). Results: Overall, the mean general nutrition knowledge score was moderate (48·0 out of 67·0); the lowest mean score was found in omnivores and the highest in flexitarians (45·6 v. 51·5) (P = 0·034). The mean score of critical nutrition literacy was also moderate (3·7 out of 5·0); vegans showed higher scores compared to other dietary practices (P = 0·018). No difference was observed in food skills between the different dietary practices. The overall median diet quality score was 46·0 out of 80·0, lowest in omnivores and highest in vegans (42·0 v. 56·0) (P =< 0·001). In multivariate regression analyses, general nutrition knowledge, food skills and vegan dietary practice were significantly associated with higher diet quality. Conclusions: We found moderate levels of food literacy across all dietary practices. The food literacy competencies, general nutrition knowledge and food skills were associated with higher diet quality in our sample. Omnivores showed both the lowest general nutrition knowledge level and lowest diet quality scores. In contrast, both flexitarians and vegans scored highest on general nutrition knowledge and diet quality scores, despite being one of the less restrictive and one of the strictest plant-based dietary practices, respectively.

• Valen, Erlend Larsen; Grasaas, Erik; Engeset, Dagrun; Salvesen, Lorentz; Skeie, Guri & Øverby, Nina Cecilie [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Myfood24 på norsk: et selvadministrert digitalt 24-timers kostintervju. Norsk tidsskrift for ernæring (NTFE). ISSN 1503-5034. 21(2), p. 13–22. doi: 10.18261/ntfe.21.2.3. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Innen ernæringsepidemiologien er vi i stor grad avhengige av å estimere inntak av mat og næringsstoffer basert på selvrapportering, til tross for at denne tilnærmingen er beheftet med målefeil. Graden av målefeil har betydning for analyser og tolkning av resultater, så metodene vi bruker bør være så valide som mulig. Å utvikle brukervennlige kostholdsmetoder som reduserer belastning for deltaker kan være et viktig bidrag til mer nøyaktig rapportering, samtidig som tids- og ressursbruken begrenses. Det digitale kostholdsverktøyet myfood24, opprinnelig utviklet ved Universitetet i Leeds, kan enten brukes som et selvadministrert 24-timers kostintervju, eller matdagbok. Verktøyet har de siste årene blitt oversatt og kulturelt tilpasset til flere land, både i og utenfor Europa, og har blitt validert i en rekke ulike aldersgrupper. I 2019 startet arbeidet med å lage en norsk versjon av myfood24. Det er allerede gjennomført en valideringsstudie av bilder av porsjonsstørrelser som inngår i den norske versjonen, og det planlegges å validere verktøyet ytterligere. Hensikten med denne artikkelen er å beskrive utviklingsarbeidet som er gjort. Målet er at norske myfood24 også skal kunne brukes av andre norske forskere, og med denne artikkelen ønsker vi å gjøre informasjon om verktøyet tilgjengelig.

• Groufh-Jacobsen, Synne & Medin, Anine Christine (2023). Food literacy competencies in youth – a mini-review. Frontiers in Public Health. ISSN 2296-2565. 11. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1185410. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction: Young people’s transition into adulthood is an opportunity in the life course to establish adequate eating behaviors, hence exploring food literacy competencies in this period of life is especially important. Food literacy has recently gained increased attention in adults, adolescents, and younger children, but less is published about youth. This paper aims to summarize what tools have been used to measure food literacy and the sub-competence nutrition literacy in youth aged 16–24 years in the previous 5 years. Methods: A mini-literature review was conducted in MEDLINE and EMBASE via Ovid, in September 2022. Study eligible criteria; had to be an original article, using a tool to quantitatively assess food literacy and/or nutrition literacy, including participants between 16–24 years, full text available in English, published between 2017–2022. Results: A total of 958 articles were identified, of which 385 duplicates were removed. Thus, 573 articles were screened by title/abstract. Finally, nine articles were eligible for data extraction of which four proposed a tool to measure food literacy and five proposed a tool to measure nutrition literacy. Discussion and conclusion: Although four studies claimed to measure food literacy, none of these used tools comprehensive enough to measure all aspects of food literacy, and only one was validated in young people. This study shows that only few tools exist for the measurement of food literacy in youth, and those available are scant. Further work is needed to develop a food literacy tool for youth.

• Salvesen, Lorentz; Wills, Andrew Keith; Øverby, Nina Cecilie; Engeset, Dagrun & Medin, Anine Christine (2023). Relative validity of a non-quantitative 33-item dietary screener with a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire among young adults. Journal of Nutritional Science (JNS). ISSN 2048-6790. 12, p. 1–13. doi: 10.1017/jns.2023.57. Show summary

  The objective of the study was to assess the concordance and ranking ability of a non-quantitative 33-item dietary screener developed to assess the diet of young adults in Norway, ‘MyFoodMonth 1.1’, compared to a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Data were collected in a cross-sectional dietary survey evaluating the diets of students at the University of Agder, in southern Norway. The students were asked to complete both a dietary screener and an FFQ. Data collection was carried out from September to December 2020. Participants were first-year university students aged ≥18 years familiar with Scandinavian language. Almost half of the eligible sample (n 344) was excluded due to not completing the FFQ, compared to 1⋅7 % not completing the dietary screener, resulting in 172 (66 % female) participants with a median age of 21 years. For most items of the dietary screener (n 27/33, 82 %), all aspects of diet quality and components of the Diet Quality Score showed moderate-to-strong concordance with the FFQ evaluated using Kendall's tau-b analyses (t > 0⋅31), supported by visual inspection of box and whisker plots and descriptive ranking ability in a cross-tabulation. There was little evidence to suggest that concordance was dependent on sex. The concordance and ranking ability of ‘MyFoodMonth 1.1’ is considered satisfactory compared to a semi-quantitative FFQ. This rapid dietary assessment instrument presents a valuable addition to traditional instruments and a possible solution to recruit hard-to-reach parts of the population.

• Speakman, John R.; de Jong, Jasper M A; Sinha, Srishti; Westerterp, Klaas R.; Yamada, Yosuke & Sagayama, Hiroyuki [Show all 80 contributors for this article] (2023). Total daily energy expenditure has declined over the past three decades due to declining basal expenditure, not reduced activity expenditure. Nature Metabolism. 5(4), p. 579–588. doi: 10.1038/s42255-023-00782-2. Show summary

  Obesity is caused by a prolonged positive energy balance1,2. Whether reduced energy expenditure stemming from reduced activity levels contributes is debated3,4. Here we show that in both sexes, total energy expenditure (TEE) adjusted for body composition and age declined since the late 1980s, while adjusted activity energy expenditure increased over time. We use the International Atomic Energy Agency Doubly Labelled Water database on energy expenditure of adults in the United States and Europe (n = 4,799) to explore patterns in total (TEE: n = 4,799), basal (BEE: n = 1,432) and physical activity energy expenditure (n = 1,432) over time. In males, adjusted BEE decreased significantly, but in females this did not reach significance. A larger dataset of basal metabolic rate (equivalent to BEE) measurements of 9,912 adults across 163 studies spanning 100 years replicates the decline in BEE in both sexes. We conclude that increasing obesity in the United States/Europe has probably not been fuelled by reduced physical activity leading to lowered TEE. We identify here a decline in adjusted BEE as a previously unrecognized factor.

• Ostojic, Sergej; Hillesund, Elisabet Rudjord; Øverby, Nina Cecilie; Vik, Frøydis Nordgård & Medin, Anine Christine (2023). Individual nutrients and serum klotho levels in adults aged 40–79 years. Food Science & Nutrition. ISSN 2048-7177. 11(6), p. 3279–3286. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.3310. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Several dietary factors (including adherence to the Mediterranean diet or higher nut intake) seem to positively affect circulating antiaging Klotho protein levels; yet, a description of possible relationships between individual nutrients and Klotho activity has not been evaluated. We analyzed the association of dietary intake of individual macro- and micronutrients and nonnutritive food components with circulating Klotho levels in a sample of 40- to 79-year-old US adults. Data from the 2015–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed. Nutrient/food component intakes were calculated in relation to total energy intake using the nutrient density method, and available pristine serum samples were analyzed for serum Klotho concentrations. The final study sample consisted of 2637 participants (mean age 59.0 ± 10.7 years; 52% women). Higher Klotho concentrations were found with higher intake of carbohydrates (p < .001), total sugars (p < .001), dietary fibers (p < .001), vitamin D (p = .05), total folates (p = .015), and copper (p = .018). The results of the regression analysis with a crude model showed significant associations among five nutrients/food components (carbohydrates, alcohol, total sugars, dietary fibers, and niacin) and soluble Klotho levels across the sample. After adjusting the models for age and gender, the nutrient/food component–Klotho association remained significant for carbohydrates, total sugars, and alcohol (p < .05). Dietary exposure to individual nutrients and nonnutritive food components appears to be associated with Klotho activity; however, additional research is needed to investigate the relationship between cause and effect in diet composition–Klotho interplay.

• Svendsen, Camilla; Amlund, Heidi; Carlsen, Monica Hauger; Eriksen, Gunnar Sundstøl; Husøy, Trine & Lillegaard, Inger Therese Laugsand [Show all 27 contributors for this article] (2022). Food and chemical substances relevant for monitoring - Scientific Opinion of the Scientific Steering Committee of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. VKM Report. ISSN 2535-4019. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  At request from the Norwegian Food Safety Authority (NFSA), VKM has identified food groups and food items consumed by the Norwegian population that are relevant for monitoring regarding content of one or more undesirable chemical substances (Figure 1). Undesirable chemical substances were defined as chemical substances in food that may constitute a potential health risk. VKM has created a knowledge base (an Excel file) as a tool for planning and prioritising monitoring of foods and undesirable chemical substances. The substance groups included in the knowledge base are flavourings, food additives, metals and metalloids, natural toxins, persistent organic pollutants, process-induced contaminants, substances in food contact materials, substances in food supplements, and trace elements. More than 40 different substances were included. Food items that are known contributors to exposure to an undesirable chemical substance were identified from quantitative and qualitative data, mainly from EFSA opinions and VKM risk assessments. Four national dietary surveys were used for identification of food items and food groups habitually eaten by the Norwegian population. The habitual diet was used to identify potential unknown sources of the substances. The information on known and unknown sources was compiled in a knowledge base comprised of 456 “undesirable chemical substance/food item” pairs that were identified to be relevant for monitoring. For each “undesirable chemical substance/food item” pair, the following information are included in the knowledge base: - Food category - Contribution to total exposure, including degree of contribution - Origin of occurrence data, and availability of Norwegian occurrence data - Remarks regarding sampling - Sources of the undesirable chemical substances in food - Risk (a combined score for hazard and exposure) Sampling of food is a complex area. Careful planning of the sampling strategy is needed and several parameters should be taken into consideration, depending on the properties of the chemical substance and the food item. Generic guidelines on sampling strategy, including sample number and frequency, have been provided in the report. Key words: VKM, health risk, monitoring, Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment, Norwegian Food Safety Authority, undesirable chemical substance.

• Yamada, Yosuke; Zhang, Xueying; Henderson, Mary E T; Sagayama, Hiroyuki; Pontzer, Herman & Watanabe, Daiki [Show all 92 contributors for this article] (2022). Variation in human water turnover associated with environmental and lifestyle factors. Science. ISSN 0036-8075. 378(6622), p. 909–915. doi: 10.1126/science.abm8668. Full text in Research Archive
• Halsey, Lewis G.; Careau, Vincent; Pontzer, Herman; Ainslie, Philip N.; Andersen, Lene Frost & Anderson, Liam J. [Show all 83 contributors for this article] (2022). Variability in energy expenditure is much greater in males than females. Journal of Human Evolution. ISSN 0047-2484. 171. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103229. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In mammals, trait variation is often reported to be greater among males than females. However, to date, mainly only morphological traits have been studied. Energy expenditure represents the metabolic costs of multiple physical, physiological, and behavioral traits. Energy expenditure could exhibit particularly high greater male variation through a cumulative effect if those traits mostly exhibit greater male variation, or a lack of greater male variation if many of them do not. Sex differences in energy expenditure variation have been little explored. We analyzed a large database on energy expenditure in adult humans (1494 males and 3108 females) to investigate whether humans have evolved sex differences in the degree of interindividual variation in energy expenditure. We found that, even when statistically comparing males and females of the same age, height, and body composition, there is much more variation in total, activity, and basal energy expenditure among males. However, with aging, variation in total energy expenditure decreases, and because this happens more rapidly in males, the magnitude of greater male variation, though still large, is attenuated in older age groups. Considerably greater male variation in both total and activity energy expenditure could be explained by greater male variation in levels of daily activity. The considerably greater male variation in basal energy expenditure is remarkable and may be explained, at least in part, by greater male variation in the size of energy-demanding organs. If energy expenditure is a trait that is of indirect interest to females when choosing a sexual partner, this would suggest that energy expenditure is under sexual selection. However, we present a novel energetics model demonstrating that it is also possible that females have been under stabilizing selection pressure for an intermediate basal energy expenditure to maximize energy available for reproduction.

• Rimbach, Rebecca; Yamada, Yosuke; Sagayama, Hiroyuki; Ainslie, Philip N.; Andersen, Lene Frost & Anderson, Liam J. [Show all 82 contributors for this article] (2022). Total energy expenditure is repeatable in adults but not associated with short-term changes in body composition. Nature Communications. ISSN 2041-1723. 13. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-27246-z. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Low total energy expenditure (TEE, MJ/d) has been a hypothesized risk factor for weight gain, but repeatability of TEE, a critical variable in longitudinal studies of energy balance, is understudied. We examine repeated doubly labeled water (DLW) measurements of TEE in 348 adults and 47 children from the IAEA DLW Database (mean ± SD time interval: 1.9 ± 2.9 y) to assess repeatability of TEE, and to examine if TEE adjusted for age, sex, fat-free mass, and fat mass is associated with changes in weight or body composition. Here, we report that repeatability of TEE is high for adults, but not children. Bivariate Bayesian mixed models show no among or within-individual correlation between body composition (fat mass or percentage) and unadjusted TEE in adults. For adults aged 20–60 y (N = 267; time interval: 7.4 ± 12.2 weeks), increases in adjusted TEE are associated with weight gain but not with changes in body composition; results are similar for subjects with intervals >4 weeks (N = 53; 29.1 ± 12.8 weeks). This suggests low TEE is not a risk factor for, and high TEE is not protective against, weight or body fat gain over the time intervals tested.

• Hopstock, Laila Arnesdatter; Medin, Anine Christine; Skeie, Guri; Henriksen, André & Lundblad, Marie Wasmuth (2022). Evaluation of a Web-Based Dietary Assessment Tool (myfood24) in Norwegian Women and Men Aged 60-74 Years: Usability Study. JMIR Formative Research. ISSN 2561-326X. 6(3). doi: 10.2196/35092. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: A healthy diet throughout the life course improves health and reduces the risk of disease. There is a need for new knowledge of the relation between diet and health, but existing methods to collect information on food and nutrient intake have their limitations. Evaluations of new tools to assess dietary intake are needed, especially in old people, where the introduction of new technology might impose challenges. Objective: We aimed to examine the usability of a new web-based dietary assessment tool in older adult women and men. Methods: A total of 60 women and men (participation 83%, 57% women) aged 60-74 years recruited by convenience and snowball sampling completed a 24-hour web-based dietary recall using the newly developed Norwegian version of Measure Your Food On One Day (myfood24). Total energy and nutrient intakes were calculated in myfood24, primarily on the basis of the Norwegian Food Composition Table. No guidance or support was provided to complete the recall. Usability was assessed using the system usability scale (SUS), where an SUS score of ≥68 was considered satisfactory. We examined the responses to single SUS items and the mean (SD) SUS score in groups stratified by sex, age, educational level, and device used to complete the recall (smartphone, tablet device, or computer). Results: The mean total energy intake was 5815 (SD 3093) kJ. A total of 14% of participants had an energy intake of <2100 kJ (ie, 500 kilocalories) and none had an intake of >16,800 kJ (ie, 4000 kilocalories). Mean energy proportions from carbohydrates, fat, protein, alcohol, and fiber was within the national recommendations. The mean SUS score was 55.5 (SD 18.6), and 27% of participants had SUS scores above the satisfactory product cut-off. Higher SUS scores were associated with younger age and lower education, but not with the type of device used. Conclusions: We found the overall usability of a new web-based dietary assessment tool to be less than satisfactory in accordance with standard usability criteria in a sample of 60-74–year-old Norwegians. The observed total energy intakes suggest that several of the participants underreported their intake during the completion of the dietary recall. Implementing web-based dietary assessment tools in older adults is feasible, but guidance and support might be needed to ensure valid completion.

• Pontzer, Herman; Yamada, Yosuke; Sagayama, Hiroyuki; Ainslie, Philip N.; Andersen, Lene Frost & Anderson, Liam J. [Show all 82 contributors for this article] (2021). Daily energy expenditure through the human life course. Science. ISSN 0036-8075. 373(6556), p. 808–812. doi: 10.1126/science.abe5017. Full text in Research Archive
• Westerterp, Klaas R.; Yamada, Yosuke; Sagayama, Hiroyuki; Ainslie, Philip N.; Andersen, Lene F. & Anderson, Liam J. [Show all 82 contributors for this article] (2021). Physical activity and fat-free mass during growth and in later life. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. ISSN 0002-9165. 114(5), p. 1583–1589. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab260. Full text in Research Archive
• Øverby, Nina Cecilie; Medin, Anine Christine; Valen, Erlend Larsen; Salvesen, Lorentz; Wills, Andrew Keith & Engeset, Dagrun [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). Effectiveness of a digital dietary intervention program targeting young adults before parenthood: protocol for the PREPARED randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. ISSN 2044-6055. 11(12). doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055116. Full text in Research Archive
• Careau, Vincent; Halsey, Lewis G.; Pontzer, Herman; Ainslie, Philip N.; Andersen, Lene F. & Anderson, Liam J. [Show all 84 contributors for this article] (2021). Energy compensation and adiposity in humans. Current Biology. ISSN 0960-9822. 31(20). doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.016. Full text in Research Archive
• Speakman, John R.; Yamada, Yosuke; Sagayama, Hiroyuki; Berman, Elena S.F.; Ainslie, Philip N. & Andersen, Lene Frost [Show all 87 contributors for this article] (2021). A standard calculation methodology for human doubly labeled water studies. Cell Reports Medicine. ISSN 2666-3791. 2(2). doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100203. Full text in Research Archive
• Røed, Margrethe; Medin, Anine Christine; Vik, Frøydis Nordgård; Hillesund, Elisabet Rudjord; Van Lippevelde, Wendy & Campbell, Karen [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Effect of a Parent-Focused eHealth Intervention on Children's Fruit, Vegetable, and Discretionary Food Intake (Food4toddlers) : Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research. ISSN 1438-8871. 23(2). doi: 10.2196/18311. Full text in Research Archive
• Salvesen, Lorentz; Engeset, Dagrun; Øverby, Nina Cecilie & Medin, Anine Christine (2021). Development and evaluation of image-series for portion size estimation in dietary assessment among adults. Journal of Nutritional Science (JNS). ISSN 2048-6790. 10. doi: 10.1017/jns.2020.58. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Portion size images are advantageous in dietary assessment. The aim of the present study was to develop and validate new culturally specific image-series for portion size estimation to be used in a new Norwegian version of a British web-based dietary assessment tool (myfood24). Twenty-three image-series of different foods, each containing seven portion size images, were created and validated in a group of adults (n 41, 58 % female) aged 19–44 (median 23), out of which 63 % had higher (tertiary) education. The participants compared 46 portions of pre-weighed foods to the portion size images (1886 comparisons in total). Portion size estimations were either classified as correct, adjacent or misclassified. The weight discrepancy in percentage between the chosen and the correct portion size image was also calculated. Mann–Whitney U tests were used to explore if portion size estimation accuracy differed across sample characteristics, or if it depended on how the foods were presented. For thirty-eight of the forty-six presented food items, the participants selected the correct or adjacent portion size image 98 % on average. The remaining eight food items were on average misclassified by 27 % of the participants. Overall, a mean weight discrepancy of 2⋅5 % was observed between the chosen and the correct portion size images. Females estimated portion size more accurately than males (P = 0⋅019). No other significant differences in estimation accuracy were observed. In conclusion, the new image-series performed satisfactorily, except for the image-series depicting bread, caviar spread and marzipan cake, which will be altered. The present study demonstrates the importance of validating portion size estimation tools.

• Røed, Margrethe; Vik, Frøydis Nordgård; Hillesund, Elisabet Rudjord; Van Lippevelde, Wendy; Medin, Anine Christine & Øverby, Nina Cecilie (2020). Process Evaluation of an eHealth Intervention (Food4toddlers) to Improve Toddlers' Diet: Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Human Factors. ISSN 2292-9495. 7(3). doi: 10.2196/18171. Full text in Research Archive
• Chatterjee, Ayan; Gerdes, Martin; Prinz, Andreas; Martinez, Santiago & Medin, Anine Christine (2020). Reference Design Model for a Smart e-Coach Recommendation System for Lifestyle Support Based on ICT Technologies. In Sendra, Sandra; Murata, Yoshitoshi; Civit-Masot, Javier & Rajh, Arian (Ed.), eTELEMED 2020, The Twelfth International Conference on eHealth, Telemedicine, and Social Medicine. International Academy, Research and Industry Association (IARIA). ISSN 978-1-61208-763-4. p. 52–58. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.33574.47689. Show summary

  As acknowledged by the World Health Organization (WHO), the demographic development shows that by 2030, 8 out of the 10 foremost causes of death will be connected to risk conditions of lifestyle diseases, regardless of gender. Chronic illness associated with modifiable lifestyle factors will be accountable for the highest death worldwide. Health behavior change should be given priority to avoid serious reparations. An Electronic Coach (e-Coach) system can empower people to achieve a healthy lifestyle with early risk predictions and appropriate tailored lifestyle recommendations. Research in eHealth has the potential to provide methods in order to improve personal healthcare with Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). An Electronic Health (e-Health) virtual coaching recommendation system can monitor people and convey the appropriate recommendations in context with enough time to prevent, ameliorate the living with non-communicable or lifestyle diseases. This paper addresses the potential of selected emerging information and communication technologies to make e-Health systems smarter, more collaborative and more efficient. As a result of the analysis, a reference design is discussed here to develop and validate the performance of a smart e-Coach system utilizing ICT, Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) to provide individual lifestyle recommendations aiming at a healthier lifestyle to prevent obesity and overweight. The healthcare sector is still looking for collaborative, user-friendly, optimized, cost-effective, reliable systems for health e-Coaching with contextual, tailored lifestyle recommendations and our current research is focused on its implementation and validation, considering obesity and overweight as a case study.

• Kristiansen, Anne Lene; Medin, Anine Christine; Bjelland, Mona; Himberg-Sundet, Anne; Lien, Nanna & Holst, René [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2020). Long-term effects of a cluster randomized controlled kindergarten-based intervention trial on vegetable intake among Norwegian 3-5-year-olds: the BRA-study. BMC Research Notes. ISSN 1756-0500. 13. doi: 10.1186/s13104-020-4892-x. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  OBJECTIVE: To report on long-term effects of a cluster randomized controlled kindergarten-based intervention trial, which aimed to increase vegetable intake among Norwegian preschool children (3-5 years at baseline). The effects of the intervention at follow-up 1 (immediately post-intervention) have previously been published. This paper presents the effects of the intervention from baseline to follow-up 2 (12 months post-intervention). RESULTS: Parental consents were obtained for 633 out of 1631 eligible children (response rate 38.8%). The effects of the intervention from baseline to follow-up 2 were assessed by mixed-model analyses taking the clustering effect of kindergartens into account. Children's vegetable intake was reported by the parents at baseline (spring 2015), at follow-up 1 (spring 2016) and at follow-up 2 (spring 2017). No significant long-term effects in child vegetable intake were found. A mean difference of - 0.1 times per day (95% CI - 0.5, 0.2) (P = 0.44) was found for the daily frequency of vegetable intake. A mean difference of - 0.2 different kinds of vegetables eaten over a month (95% CI - 1.0, 0.7) (P = 0.70) was found and for daily amount of vegetables a mean difference of - 15.0 g vegetables (95% CI - 38.0, 8.0) (P = 0.19) was found. Trial registration International Standard Randomised Controlled Trials ISRCTN51962956 (http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN51962956). Registered 21 June 2016 (retrospectively registered).

• Medin, Anine Christine; Carlsen, Monica Hauger & Andersen, Lene Frost (2020). Iodine intake among children and adolescents in Norway: Estimates from the national dietary survey Ungkost 3 (2015-2016). Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology. ISSN 0946-672X. doi: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2019.126427. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract BACKGROUND: Iodine is crucial for normal growth and neurodevelopment. Before 1950, goitre caused by iodine deficiency was widespread in Norway, but decreased significantly after mandatory fortification of animal fodder. Recent dietary changes in milk consumption and fish intake may again have increased the risk of inadequate intakes in some population groups in Norway. The situation for children and adolescents is unclear, and data from nationally representative studies are highly needed. We aimed to describe the iodine intake in Norwegian children and adolescents and estimate the proportion of individuals with an increased risk of suboptimal, adequate and excessive usual iodine intake. In addition, we aimed to investigate whether individuals' characteristics were associated with iodine intake, and to identify the major iodine contributing foods in the diet of this population. METHODS: Data from 1722 individuals (4-, 9- and 13-year-olds) from a national dietary survey in Norway from 2015-2016 was used. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were conducted. Usual iodine intakes were estimated, stratified by age group and sex and compared to dietary reference intake cut-offs. Linear regression models were used to assess the association between iodine intake and participants' characteristics. The contribution of iodine from different foods was described for all and across different participant groups. RESULTS: We estimated that the proportion of participants with an increased risk of a suboptimal usual intake of iodine varied from 3-36%. A significant increased risk was observed for older children and girls compared to younger children and boys. Excessive usual intakes were not observed in any age group. Iodine intake was associated with sex, maternal educational level and area of residence. A lower intake was observed for girls and those with a mother with a low educational level. Moreover, those living in the western part and Mid-Norway had statistically significantly higher intakes compared to those living in the capital city and surroundings. Milk, milk products, cheese, fish and shellfish were the main contributors to iodine intake. Supplements contributed with very little of the total iodine intake. CONCLUSIONS: We have shown that the estimated risk of suboptimal usual iodine intakes among children and adolescents in Norway varies according to age, sex, maternal educational level and area of residence. Those with a limited intake of the main dietary contributors to iodine intake may be at risk, and adolescent girls seem to be especially vulnerable.

• Medin, Anine Christine; Myhre, Jannicke Borch; Diep, Lien My & Andersen, Lene Frost (2019). Diet quality on days without breakfast or lunch - Identifying targets to improve adolescents' diet. Appetite. ISSN 0195-6663. 135, p. 123–130. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.01.001. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Dietary intake in adolescents does often not align with the recommended dietary guidelines. Excess intakes of added sugar and saturated fat, and insufficient vegetable intake are among the identified challenges, which can affect future health negatively. Identifying targets to improve dietary practices is therefore essential. The current study aimed to examine the prevalence of meal skipping and if meal skipping days had a different diet quality than other days, using data from a recent Norwegian dietary survey in adolescents (n = 689, age 12-14 years). Their dietary intake was recorded for four days, using a web-based record system. Differences between days with, and without, breakfast or lunch were explored using mixed effect models, adjusting for correlated data and covariates, including weekday-weekend effect. In total, 8% and 11% were days without breakfast and lunch, respectively. Days with breakfast or lunch were associated with higher intake of fibre, and higher odds of consuming fruits and berries, juice and smoothie, than days without breakfast or lunch. Weekdays with lunch were also associated with lower intakes of added sugar and total fat (in % of energy), and discretionary foods, compared to weekdays without lunch. Skipping breakfast and lunch was associated with reduced diet quality in adolescents. Targeting these meals, and in particular school lunch, is a potential way forward to improve adolescents' dietary intake.

• Medin, Anine Christine; Carlsen, Monica Hauger; Hambly, Catherine; Speakman, John R.; Strohmaier, Susanne & Andersen, Lene Frost (2017). The validity of a web-based FFQ assessed by doubly labelled water and multiple 24-h recalls. British Journal of Nutrition. ISSN 0007-1145. 118(12), p. 1106–1117. doi: 10.1017/S0007114517003178. Full text in Research Archive
• Medin, Anine Christine; Hansen, Bjørge Hermann; Astrup, Helene; Ekelund, Ulf & Andersen, Lene Frost (2017). Validation of energy intake from a web-based food recall for children and adolescents. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 12(6). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178921. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The purpose of this study was to validate estimated energy intake from a web-based food recall, designed for children and adolescents. We directly compared energy intake to estimates of total energy expenditure, calculated from accelerometer outputs, combined with data on weight and sex or resting energy expenditure prediction equations. Children (8–9 years) and adolescents (12–14 years) were recruited through schools in Norway in 2013 (N = 253). Results showed that more than one third (36–37%) were identified as under-reporters of energy. In contrast, only 2–4% were defined as over-reporters of energy. The mean energy intake was under-reported with -1.83 MJ/day for the entire study sample. Increased underestimation was observed for overweight and obese participants, the oldest age group (12–14 years), boys, those with parents/legal guardians with low educational level and those living in non-traditional families. In conclusion, energy intake from the web-based food recall is significantly underestimated compared with total energy expenditure, and should be used with caution in young people.

• Medin, Anine Christine; Carlsen, Monica Hauger & Andersen, Lene Frost (2016). Associations between reported intakes of carotenoid-rich foods and concentrations of carotenoids in plasma: a validation study of a web-based food recall for children and adolescents. Public Health Nutrition (PHN). ISSN 1368-9800. 19(18), p. 3265–3275. doi: 10.1017/S1368980016001622. Full text in Research Archive
• Medin, Anine Christine; Astrup, Helene; Kåsin, Britt Marlene & Andersen, Lene Frost (2015). Evaluation of a Web-Based Food Record for Children Using Direct Unobtrusive Lunch Observations: A Validation Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research. ISSN 1438-8871. 17(12). doi: 10.2196/jmir.5031. Full text in Research Archive
• Halvorsen, Tori Flaatten; Medin, Anine Christine & Kårstad, Mari Helene (2005). Uten mat og drikke duger utenlandske studenter ikke. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001.

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• Medin, Anine Christine & Larsson, Christel (2024). Sustainable diets among Scandinavia’s youth - Consequences on young people´s dietary intake and nutritional status when adhering to plant-based diets of differing strictness.
• Steffensen, Inger-Lise Karin; Bodin, Johanna Eva; Dalen, Knut Tomas; Mangschou, Bente; Aakre, Inger & Andersen, Lene Frost [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2024). Risk assessment of quercetin dihydrate and rutin in food supplements – “Other substances”. VKM Bulletin. ISSN 2704-1689. 2024(9), p. 1–149. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Det er trygt å bruke flavonoidene quercetin eller rutin i bestemte i kosttilskudd, ifølge Vitenskapskomiteen for mat og miljø (VKM). Det er hovedbudskapet i en risikovurdering utført på oppdrag fra Mattilsynet. I rapporten ble det konkludert at det er trygt å bruke quercetin eller rutin i kosttilskudd i daglige doser på 5 mg rutin for barn fra fireårsalderen, daglige doser på 25 mg rutin for voksne og 500 mg quercetin dihydrat for voksne i hvert fall opp til tre måneder. VKM har vurdert risiko for helseskadelige effekter ved daglig inntak av kosttilskudd med 25 mg rutin eller 500 mg quercetin dihydrat for voksne fra 18 år og eldre, og 5 mg rutin for barn fra fireårsalderen. Quercetin og rutin er flavonoider. Disse finnes naturlig i planter og inngår i kosten, særlig i frukt, grønnsaker og te. Mange flavonoider fra mat og drikke tas i liten grad opp i kroppen. Risikovurderingen er basert på informasjon fra en systematisk kunnskapsoppsummering av 23 randomiserte kontrollerte studier (studier hvor man undersøker effekten av en behandling ved å fordele deltagere tilfeldig i behandlings- og kontrollgruppe(r). Disse studiene omfattet voksne mennesker. I tillegg er det brukt kunnskap om hvordan stoffene håndteres i kroppen og noen dyrestudier i vurderingen. Studiene hadde undersøkt, men funnet få, og lite alvorlige, skadelige helseeffekter. Den lengste studien varte i 10 måneder. Konklusjonen for barna er basert på studiene av voksne og én studie spesifikk av barn. På grunn av mangel på tilstrekkelige data om gravide kvinner og fostre, og mangel på data om ammende kvinner og deres spedbarn, samt om barn generelt, er det ikke kjent om disse gruppene potensielt kan være mer sårbare for disse stoffene enn voksne. Studiene i mennesker undersøkte hovedsakelig positive effekter av quercetin og rutin for en rekke ulike tilstander og sykdommer. Mulige helseskadelige effekter ble dokumentert og undersøkt i varierende grad, og svært få og lite alvorlige skadelige effekter ble observert. Resultatene understøttes også av dyrestudiene. Ettersom de fleste studiene med quercetin og rutin ikke undersøkte bruk av stoffene i mer enn tre måneder, er lengre tids inntak mer usikkert, selv om noen få studier heller ikke fant skadelige effekter etter bruk i seks til ti måneder, sier Inger-Lise Steffensen, faglig leder av arbeidet. VKM har ikke beregnet bidrag fra andre kilder til rutin eller quercetin som mat, og har heller ikke vurdert bruk av stoffene til behandling av ulike tilstander og sykdommer. Noe data kan tyde på at personer med kronisk nyresykdom eller østrogen-avhengig kreft kanskje kan være sårbare for skadelige effekter av quercetin. Studier i mennesker og dyr har vist at quercetin kan påvirke opptaket av ulike medikamenter i kroppen, og kan påvirke enzymer som omdanner medikamenter. Om quercetin og rutin Quercetin og rutin inngår i gruppen “andre stoffer”. Dette er stoffer med ernæringsmessig eller fysiologisk effekt, og som ikke er vitaminer eller mineraler. Risikovurderingen er godkjent av VKMs faggruppe for ernæring, dietetiske produkter, ny mat og allergi.

• Medin, Anine Christine (2024). Sunn mat VS sunnvasking av mat - Life Hacks med Forbrukerrådet. [Internet]. Apple Podcasts. Show summary

  et vi egentlig hva vi spiser, eller blir vi lurt av sunnvaskede produkter? Undersøkelser som Forbrukerrådet har gjort viser at de aller fleste ønsker å spise sunt. Universitetet i Agder har publisert en undersøkelse som viser at spesielt unge kan for lite om sunt kosthold. Hva kan vi gjøre for å opplyse om hvor man finner de beste kostholdsrådene? I studio hører du Anine Medin, førsteamanuensis i ernæring ved Universitetet i Agder, Aysha Grönberg, klinisk ernæringsfysiolog og seniorrådgiver i Forbrukerrådet, og programleder Helen Mehammer.

• Groufh-Jacobsen, Synne; Larsson, Christel; Margerison, Claire; Mulkerrins, Isabelle; Aune, Dagfinn & Medin, Anine Christine (2023). Dietary intake and status of B12, iron and iodine in young vegans, lacto-ovo vegetarians, pescatarians, flexitarians and omnivores.
• Medin, Anine Christine (2023). Ultraprosessert mat: Hva er det? Og hvorfor vil noen ha råd mot det, andre ikke? [Newspaper]. Aftenposten.
• Medin, Anine Christine & Øverby, Nina Cecilie (2023). Matnyttig - tidlig innsats - de første 1000 dagene.
• Vik, Frøydis Nordgård & Medin, Anine Christine (2023). Matnyttig - digital ressurs - de første 1000 dagene.
• Vik, Frøydis Nordgård & Medin, Anine Christine (2023). Matnyttig - digital ressurs med fokus på de første 1000 dagene.
• Vik, Frøydis Nordgård & Medin, Anine Christine (2023). Matnyttig, tidlig innsats - de første 1000 dagene.
• Vik, Frøydis Nordgård & Medin, Anine Christine (2023). Matnyttig - tidlig innsats, de første 1000 dagene.
• Vik, Frøydis Nordgård & Medin, Anine Christine (2023). Matnyttig - kosthold de første 1000 dagene.
• Vik, Frøydis Nordgård & Medin, Anine Christine (2023). Matnyttig - tidlig innsats med fokus på de første 1000 dagene.
• Grini, Ida Synnøve Bårvåg; Medin, Anine Christine & Aune, Dagfinn (2023). Ultraprosessert mat burde være et kostråd: NEI. Norsk tidsskrift for ernæring (NTFE). ISSN 1503-5034. 21(3), p. 26–30. doi: 10.18261/ntfe.21.3.7. Full text in Research Archive
• Vik, Frøydis Nordgård; Rutter, Harry; Medin, Anine Christine; Hillesund, Elisabet Rudjord & Øverby, Nina Cecilie (2023). Implementation of early-life nutrition through digital interventions in a community in Southern Norway -The Nutrition Now project.
• Vik, Frøydis Nordgård & Medin, Anine Christine (2023). Matnyttig.
• Bodin, Johanna Eva; Aakre, Inger; Alexander, Jan; Mangschou, Bente; Parr, Christine Louise & Andersen, Lene Frost [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2023). Risk assessment of hyaluronic acid in food supplements . VKM Report. ISSN 2535-4019. 13, p. 1–70. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a high-molecular-mass polysaccharide, that is endogenously produced and present in connective tissue, synovial fluid, intraoccular fluid, and skin. The basic unit of the HA polymer consists of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. The Norwegian Food Safety Authority has requested VKM to evaluate the risk of adverse effects related to daily intake of food supplements with 150 mg, 120 mg, 64 mg, and 48 mg HA. Exposure from other sources of HA (food, cosmetics, and different medical applications) is not estimated.

• Øverby, Nina Cecilie; Hillesund, Elisabet Rudjord; Helland, Sissel Heidi; Helle, Christine; Wills, Andrew Keith & Lamu, Admassu Nadew [Show all 23 contributors for this article] (2023). Evaluating the effectiveness and implementation of evidence-based early-life nutrition interventions in a community setting a hybrid type 1 non-randomized trial – the Nutrition Now project protocol. Frontiers in Endocrinology. ISSN 1664-2392. 13. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1071489. Full text in Research Archive
• Øverby, Nina Cecilie; Helle, Christine; Medin, Anine Christine; Hillesund, Elisabet Rudjord & Vik, Frøydis Nordgård (2021). Tidlig innsats som virker! Fædrelandsvennen. ISSN 0805-3790.
• Medin, Anine Christine (2021). 50-åringar har same forbrenninga som 20-åringar. [Internet]. forskning.no.
• Medin, Anine Christine (2021). Kosthold og korona. [Radio]. NRK Sørlandssendinga.
• Hillesund, Elisabet Rudjord; Medin, Anine Christine & Øverby, Nina Cecilie (2020). Kommunal investering i sunne matomgivelser – hvor begynne? Dagsavisen. ISSN 1503-2892.
• Engeset, Dagrun; Bjørkkjær, Tormod; Helland, Sissel Heidi & Medin, Anine Christine (2019). Flere må ta kosthold på alvor . Agderposten. ISSN 0805-3723. p. 24–25.
• Medin, Anine Christine; Hillesund, Elisabet Rudjord; Helland, Sissel Heidi & Vik, Frøydis Nordgård (2019). Tar samfunnet kosthold på alvor? Skolemat, barnehagemåltid og sukkeravgift.
• Medin, Anine Christine (2019). Mye energidrikk. [TV]. NRK.
• Medin, Anine Christine (2019). Salget av energidrikk øker . [Radio]. NRK.
• Medin, Anine Christine (2019). Vi drikker energidrikk som aldri før. [Internet]. NRK.
• Medin, Anine Christine & Brunvoll, Sonja Hjellegjerde (2019). Feilkilder i ernæringsepidemiologi – kommentar til Lysne og Olsen. Norsk tidsskrift for ernæring (NTFE). ISSN 1503-5034. Show summary

  https://www.ntfe.no/i/2019/1/tfe-2019-01b-1812

• Medin, Anine Christine & Andersen, Lene Frost (2016). Evaluation of the utility of children’s and adolescents’ self-reported physical activity level using accelerometers as the reference .
• Medin, Anine Christine & Andersen, Lene Frost (2015). Misreporting of energy intake in a new web-based food record for children and adolescents.
• Medin, Anine Christine (2014). Participation rate among children and adolescents in Norwegian dietary assessment studies – our experiences.
• Forskningsrådet, NFR; Medin, Anine Christine & Andersen, Lene Frost (2019). Hva spiser elevene på skolen? Rapport fra Forskningskampanjen 2018. Forskningsrådet, NFR. Show summary

  I Forskningskampanjen inviterer vi skoleelever fra hele landet til å undersøke noe i sitt nærmiljø. I september 2018 fikk over 10 000 i oppdrag å forske på den norske skolematen.

• Medin, Anine Christine (2018). Web-based dietary assessment in Norway: New methods and their validity. Universitetet i Oslo.

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